Figure 1.
The block diagram of the hybrid photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) integrated photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (DVR) system.
Figure 1.
The block diagram of the hybrid photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (PV-TEG) integrated photovoltaic–thermoelectric generator (DVR) system.
Figure 2.
A typical structure of the hybrid PV-TEG module.
Figure 2.
A typical structure of the hybrid PV-TEG module.
Figure 3.
The electrical equivalent circuit of the TEG.
Figure 3.
The electrical equivalent circuit of the TEG.
Figure 4.
The electrical characteristic of the thermoelectric generator.
Figure 4.
The electrical characteristic of the thermoelectric generator.
Figure 5.
The low step-up DC-DC boost converter.
Figure 5.
The low step-up DC-DC boost converter.
Figure 6.
The electrical equivalent circuit of the PV cell.
Figure 6.
The electrical equivalent circuit of the PV cell.
Figure 7.
The characteristics of the PV module: (a) current vs. voltage and (b) power vs. voltage.
Figure 7.
The characteristics of the PV module: (a) current vs. voltage and (b) power vs. voltage.
Figure 8.
The three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) circuit.
Figure 8.
The three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) circuit.
Figure 9.
The three-phase power quality disturbance detection.
Figure 9.
The three-phase power quality disturbance detection.
Figure 10.
The three-phase voltage disturbance compensation (Vd* is the direct axis component, V*abc is the reference voltage).
Figure 10.
The three-phase voltage disturbance compensation (Vd* is the direct axis component, V*abc is the reference voltage).
Figure 11.
The performance of the variable factor adaptive fuzzy logic controller (VFAFLC)-based MPPT control: (a) output voltage, (b) output power, and (c) variation in factor gamma and FLC controller output.
Figure 11.
The performance of the variable factor adaptive fuzzy logic controller (VFAFLC)-based MPPT control: (a) output voltage, (b) output power, and (c) variation in factor gamma and FLC controller output.
Figure 12.
The performance of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control method for step-change in irradiation: (a) power output and (b) output voltage.
Figure 12.
The performance of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control method for step-change in irradiation: (a) power output and (b) output voltage.
Figure 13.
The performance of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control method for the gradual change in irradiation: (a) power output and (b) output voltage.
Figure 13.
The performance of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control method for the gradual change in irradiation: (a) power output and (b) output voltage.
Figure 14.
The flow chart of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control scheme.
Figure 14.
The flow chart of the VFAFLC-based MPPT control scheme.
Figure 15.
Fuzzy sets: (a) error input, (b) change in power input, and (c) output.
Figure 15.
Fuzzy sets: (a) error input, (b) change in power input, and (c) output.
Figure 16.
Schematic of the three-phase four-wire PV-TEG DVR system.
Figure 16.
Schematic of the three-phase four-wire PV-TEG DVR system.
Figure 17.
The output power of the hybrid PV-TEG module and standalone PV array.
Figure 17.
The output power of the hybrid PV-TEG module and standalone PV array.
Figure 18.
The efficiency comparison between the PV-TEG module and standalone PV array.
Figure 18.
The efficiency comparison between the PV-TEG module and standalone PV array.
Figure 19.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR system during the voltage sag compensation: (a) supply voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 19.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR system during the voltage sag compensation: (a) supply voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 20.
Power flow during the voltage sag compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 20.
Power flow during the voltage sag compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 21.
The three-phase load voltage THD contents during voltage sag compensation: (a) phase-A, (b) phase-B, and (c) phase-C.
Figure 21.
The three-phase load voltage THD contents during voltage sag compensation: (a) phase-A, (b) phase-B, and (c) phase-C.
Figure 22.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR system during the voltage swell compensation: (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) load voltage.
Figure 22.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR system during the voltage swell compensation: (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) load voltage.
Figure 23.
Power flows during the voltage swell compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 23.
Power flows during the voltage swell compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 24.
The PV-TEG DVR system performance for the unbalanced voltage sag compensation: (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 24.
The PV-TEG DVR system performance for the unbalanced voltage sag compensation: (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 25.
Outage compensation by PV-TEG DVR system: (a) supply voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 25.
Outage compensation by PV-TEG DVR system: (a) supply voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 26.
Power flow during the outage compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 26.
Power flow during the outage compensation: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 27.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR voltages during the energy conservation mode of (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 27.
The PV-TEG integrated DVR voltages during the energy conservation mode of (a) source voltage, (b) DVR injected voltage, and (c) voltage across the load.
Figure 28.
The energy conservation mode power flow to the load: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 28.
The energy conservation mode power flow to the load: (a) real power and (b) reactive power.
Figure 29.
The three-phase load voltage THD contents during the energy conservation mode: (a) phase-A, (b) phase-B, and (c) phase-C.
Figure 29.
The three-phase load voltage THD contents during the energy conservation mode: (a) phase-A, (b) phase-B, and (c) phase-C.
Table 1.
The design parameters of the Bi2Te3 thermocouple.
Table 1.
The design parameters of the Bi2Te3 thermocouple.
Specifications | Value |
---|
Seebeck coefficient n-type (αn) | −634 µV/K |
Seebeck coefficient p-type (αp) | 384 µV/K |
Electrical conductivity n-type(σn) | 0.825 × 105 S/m |
Electrical conductivity p-type(σp) | 2.18 × 105 S/m |
Thermal conductivity n-type (kn) | 1.34 W/mK |
Thermal conductivity p-type (kp) | 1.44 W/mK |
Length (L) | 1.6 mm |
Area (A) | 1.4 mm2 |
Table 2.
The design parameters of the PV module.
Table 2.
The design parameters of the PV module.
Specifications | Value (unit) |
---|
Maximum output power | 148 W |
Voltage at maximum power | 25 V |
Current at maximum power | 5.95 A |
The open-circuit voltage | 29 V |
The short-circuit current | 6.5 A |
Area of the solar panel | 1480 mm × 670 mm |
Number of PV modules | (2 × 6) 12 |
Table 3.
The fuzzy control rules.
Table 3.
The fuzzy control rules.
u(t) | e(t) |
---|
NB | NS | ZE | PS | PB |
---|
ΔP(t) | NB | VL | VL | LW | ME | LW |
NS | VL | LW | LW | HG | ME |
ZE | LW | LW | HG | ME | HG |
PS | ME | ME | HG | VH | VH |
PB | HG | HG | VH | VH | VH |
Table 4.
The function of the charge controller.
Table 4.
The function of the charge controller.
Level of the PV-TEG Output Power | Charge Controller Operation |
---|
Status of Switches | Battery Charging | Power Input to the DVR System |
---|
R1 | R2 |
---|
Normal/surplus compared to the load demand | On | Off | Using PV-TEG energy module | From the PV-TEG energy module |
Insufficient/zero output during nighttime | Off | On | Using grid supply | From the battery bank |
Table 5.
Control signals for the DVR operational modes.
Table 5.
Control signals for the DVR operational modes.
Mode of Operation | Status of Switches |
---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | P1 | P2 | P3 | B1 | B2 | B3 |
---|
Compensation | On | On | On | Off | Off | Off | Off | Off | Off |
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) | Off | Off | Off | On | On | On | Off | Off | Off |
Energy saving | Off | Off | Off | On | On | On | Off | Off | Off |
Idle | On | On | On | Off | Off | Off | On | On | On |
Table 6.
The system parameters of the PV-TEG integrated DVR.
Table 6.
The system parameters of the PV-TEG integrated DVR.
Description | Parameter | Value |
---|
Three-phase AC source | Frequency, voltage | 50 Hz, 400 V |
DC-link | Voltage | 300 V |
Inductor-Capactor (LC) Filter | Per phase capacitance, inductance | 24 µF, 38 mH, |
DC-DC boost converter | Switching frequency | 25 kHz |
Inductance | 18.33 µH |
Load | Load resistance and inductance | 120 Ω, 0.5 mH |
Energy storage battery bank | Capacity | 400 Ah |
Nominal voltage | 300 V |
Injection transformer | Power rating | 4 kVA |
Voltage | 230 V/460 V |