Incorporating In-Stream Nutrient Uptake into River Management: Gipuzkoa Rivers (Basque Country, North Spain) as a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Site
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Measurement of Nutrient Loads and Potential Nutrient Uptake
3.2. Diagnose and Potential Causes of Nutrient Impairment
3.3. Empirical Measurements of Nutrient Uptake
3.4. Management Proposals
4. Results
4.1. Nutrient Loads and Potential Nutrient Uptake
4.2. Diagnoses and Potential Causes of Nutrient Impairment
4.3. Empirical Measurements of Nutrient Uptake
4.4. Management Actions Proposed by STREAMES
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diagnosis | Causes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Clogging | Riparian vegetation alteration | 100% | |
Severe | 18% | ||
Moderate | 36% | Riverbed alteration | 64% |
Slight | 27% | ||
82% | Point-source inputs | 82% | |
PO43− loading | |||
Severe | 45% | WWTP | 18% |
Moderate | 36% | ||
82% | Industrial pollution | 27% | |
NH4+ loading | |||
Severe | 36% | Stabled livestock | 9% |
Moderate | 27% | ||
Slight | 36% | ||
100% | |||
NO3− loading | |||
Severe | 18% | ||
Moderate | 36% | ||
55% | |||
OM loading | |||
Severe | 45% | ||
45% | |||
Hypoxia | |||
Moderate | 27% | ||
27% | |||
Self-purification capacity | |||
Low | 45% | ||
Moderate | 36% | ||
High | 18% | ||
Riparian buffer capacity | |||
Low | 82% | ||
Moderate | 9% | ||
High | 9% |
2 June | 6 July | 18 August | 16 September | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | N-NO3− | N-NH4+ | P-PO43− | Q | N-NO3− | N-NH4+ | P-PO43− | Q | N-NO3− | N-NH4+ | P-PO43− | Q | N-NO3− | N-NH4+ | P-PO43− | |
L s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | L s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | L s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | L s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | mg s−1 | |
Input C1 | 366 | 844 | 60 | 37 | 404 | 1016 | 13 | 57 | 146 | 479 | 4 | 10 | 141 | 639 | 13 | 32 |
∑ tributaries | 166 | 199 | 3 | 4 | 229 | 276 | 1 | 5 | 135 | 201 | 16 | 7 | 61 | 102 | 2 | 1 |
Quarry spill | 4 | 7 | 1 | b.d.l | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | b.d.l | b.d.l | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
∑ hydroelectric release | 267 | 690 | 2 | 13 | 356 | 516 | b.d.l | 20 | 132 | 318 | 3 | 4 | 99 | 445 | 2 | 9 |
∑ INPUTS | 802 | 1741 | 65 | 53 | 989 | 1808 | 14 | 82 | 415 | 1003 | 23 | 20 | 301 | 1186 | 17 | 43 |
∑ hydroelectric capture | 496 | 1879 | 3 | 33 | 503 | 1003 | b.d.l | 41 | 146 | 358 | 3 | 4 | 109 | 490 | 3 | 11 |
Output C10 | 582 | 1711 | 25 | 49 | 756 | 1180 | b.d.l | 47 | 357 | 659 | 12 | 8 | 259 | 781 | 10 | 16 |
∑ OUTPUTS | 1078 | 3590 | 28 | 82 | 1259 | 2183 | b.d.l | 88 | 503 | 1017 | 15 | 11 | 368 | 1272 | 13 | 27 |
Outputs–Inputs | 275 | 1849 | −38 | 29 | 270 | 375 | −14 | 6 | 88 | 14 | −9 | −8 | 67 | 86 | −5 | −16 |
% Out–inp/∑ inputs | 34 | 106 | −58 | 55 | 27 | 21 | −100 | 7 | 21 | 1 | −37 | −42 | 22 | 7 | −27 | −37 |
% Out–inp/∑ inputs | 34 | 106 | −58 | 55 | 27 | 21 | −100 | 7 | 21 | 1 | −37 | −42 | 22 | 7 | −27 | −37 |
Sw-NH4+ (m) | Sw-PO4−3 (m) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
4 September | 5 September | 4 September | 5 September | |
Upstream reach (control) | 111 | 201 | 327 | 377 |
Downstream reach (impacted) | 117 | 283 | 1929 | 580 |
Sw-NH4+ (m) | Sw-PO4−3 (m) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 August | 12 August | 13 August | 8 August | 12 August | 13 August | |
Control reach | 323 | 570 | 612 | 239 | 275 | 580 |
Restored reach | 283 | 293 | 339 | 118 | 117 | 167 |
Actions | No. Sections |
---|---|
Catchment | |
1. Complete sanitation connection | 10 |
2. Best management practices (BMPs) in agriculture/livestock | 1 |
3. Nutrient management plan in agriculture | 1 |
4. Ecological flow maintenance | 3 |
5. Best Available industrial Techniques (BAT) | 3 |
6. Reduction or elimination of weirs | 1 |
7. Biological filter (construction of a new WWTP) | 1 |
8. Planted systems (plant soil treatment by irrigating with residual waters) | 2 |
9. Optimization of the denitrification treatment (WWTP improvement) | 1 |
10. Optimize WWTP phosphorus removal treatment | 2 |
11. Optimize solids removal process (WWTP improvement) | 1 |
River channel | |
12. Reprofile channel banks | 5 |
13. Installation of live current deflectors | 4 |
14. Boulder clusters emplacement | 1 |
15. Re-creation of natural vegetation on channel banks | 7 |
16. Using vegetation to restore stream sinuosity | 2 |
17. Willow mattress revetment | 1 |
18. Willow spilling | 2 |
19. Vegetated gabions | 3 |
Alluvial zone | |
20. Buffer strips | 1 |
21. Channel by-pass to ensure the inundation of the adjacent floodplain | 1 |
Streambed | |
22. Creation of in-channel pools | 1 |
23. Planting macrophytic vegetation | 4 |
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Altuna, M.; Martí, E.; Sabater, F.; Díez, J.R.; Riera, J.L.; Izco, F.; Elosegi, A. Incorporating In-Stream Nutrient Uptake into River Management: Gipuzkoa Rivers (Basque Country, North Spain) as a Case Study. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092692
Altuna M, Martí E, Sabater F, Díez JR, Riera JL, Izco F, Elosegi A. Incorporating In-Stream Nutrient Uptake into River Management: Gipuzkoa Rivers (Basque Country, North Spain) as a Case Study. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092692
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltuna, Maddi, Eugènia Martí, Francesc Sabater, José Ramón Díez, Joan Lluís Riera, Félix Izco, and Arturo Elosegi. 2019. "Incorporating In-Stream Nutrient Uptake into River Management: Gipuzkoa Rivers (Basque Country, North Spain) as a Case Study" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092692