How Fast Is Europe Getting Old? Analysis of Dynamics Applying the Spatial Shift–Share Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Population Aging in Literature
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Preliminary Data Analysis
3.2. Spatial Dynamic Shift–Share Analysis
3.3. Spatial Matrix—Reasoning and Selection
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Interpretation of SSSA Components
4.2. Discussion of Potential Determinants of SSSA Results
- The labor force participation of older people is high and rising;
- Most older people are active in civic organizations, volunteering, family activities, and have regular social contact;
- Norwegian health policy is designed to emphasize individual empowerment and coping skills;
- That same health policy emphasizes health promotion and disease prevention, tailored to all life stages;
- Public health policy stresses active aging.
- Increasing social awareness of the benefits of involvement of and involving older people in community activities;
- Addressing barriers to involvement, particularly for older people who are not able to live independently or who are frail;
- Considering the needs and desires of an older population for involvement;
- Providing opportunities and increasing motivation to participate.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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COUNTRIES | |
---|---|
The fastest for txr. ∊ <45.8; 66) | Portugal (45.8), Greece (46), Finland (47.2), Latvia (52), Estonia (52.3), POLAND (52.7), Romania (54.1), Lithuania (55.9), Liechtenstein (59.2), Slovenia (59.3), Malta (66) |
Fast for txr. ∊ <25.6; 45.8) | Cyprus (44.2), Bulgaria (44.2), the Czech Republic (43), Slovakia (41), Italy (40.4), the Netherlands (39.6), Germany (37), France (34.8), Spain (34.2), Hungary (33.9), Croatia (33.3), Iceland (31.9) |
Moderate for txr. ∊ <10.8; 25.6) | Sweden (13.6), the United Kingdom (16.1), Ireland (21.6), Belgium (22.7), Denmark (22.9), Austria (23.6), Switzerland (24.4) |
The slowest for txr.∊ <5.4; 10.8) | Norway (5.4) and Luxembourg (10.4) |
EUROPEAN GROWTH RATE (tx..): 37 |
Country | NEF | SEF | GEF | Country | NEF | SEF | GEF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | −31.5 | −2.7 | −28.8 | IT | 3.4 | −8.5 | 11.9 |
LU | −26.5 | −9.2 | −17.4 | SK | 4 | −10.6 | 14.6 |
SE | −23.4 | −3 | −20.4 | CZ | 6 | −10.1 | 16.1 |
UK | −20.9 | −5 | −15.8 | BG | 7.2 | −9.9 | 17.1 |
IE | −15.3 | −5.9 | −9.5 | CY | 7.2 | −6.7 | 13.9 |
BE | −14.3 | −7.4 | −6.9 | PT | 8.8 | −7.8 | 16.5 |
DK | −14 | −5 | −9 | EL | 9 | −8 | 17 |
AT | −13.3 | −8.5 | −4.8 | FI | 10.3 | −7.5 | 17.8 |
CH | −12.5 | −5.9 | −6.6 | LV | 15 | −14.2 | 29.2 |
IS | −5 | −4.4 | −0.6 | EE | 15.4 | −13.6 | 29 |
HR | −3.6 | −10.1 | 6.5 | PL | 15.7 | −11.2 | 26.8 |
HU | −3 | −10.1 | 7.1 | RO | 17.2 | −11.8 | 28.9 |
ES | −2.8 | −6.2 | 3.4 | LT | 18.9 | −12.5 | 31.4 |
FR | −2.1 | −6.7 | 4.5 | LI | 22.3 | −6.7 | 28.9 |
DE | 0.004 | −9.68 | 9.69 | SI | 22.4 | −12.1 | 34.5 |
NL | 2.6 | −6.3 | 8.9 | MT | 29 | −6.5 | 35.6 |
Country | NEF | SEF | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80–84 | 85+ | |||||
M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | |||
NO | −31.55 | −2.70 | −1.29 | −3.88 | 1.40 | −1.14 | 0.75 | −2.66 | 1.60 | −1.07 | 2.54 | 1.04 |
LU | −26.53 | −9.15 | −1.64 | −4.93 | 0.91 | −1.82 | 0.19 | −3.44 | 0.98 | −1.74 | 1.69 | 0.64 |
PL | 15.69 | −11.15 | −1.78 | −5.83 | 0.88 | −2.39 | 0.33 | −3.56 | 0.85 | −1.69 | 1.43 | 0.62 |
AT | −13.33 | −8.49 | −1.56 | −4.89 | 0.71 | −1.93 | 0.41 | −3.25 | 1.04 | −1.62 | 1.88 | 0.72 |
SI | 22.36 | −12.10 | −1.75 | −5.89 | 0.67 | −2.38 | 0.11 | −3.65 | 0.69 | −1.84 | 1.33 | 0.62 |
MT | 29.03 | −6.54 | −1.58 | −5.14 | 1.41 | −1.70 | 0.69 | −2.72 | 1.25 | −1.11 | 1.79 | 0.57 |
Country | NEF | GEF | 65–69 | 70–74 | 75–79 | 80–84 | 85+ | |||||
M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | |||
NO | −31.55 | −28.85 | −1.35 | −1.19 | −3.13 | −4.03 | −3.80 | −4.14 | −3.19 | −3.91 | −2.09 | −2.02 |
LU | −26.53 | −17.38 | 0.27 | −3.16 | −1.49 | −3.59 | −2.15 | −3.23 | −0.99 | −2.16 | −0.27 | −0.62 |
PL | 15.69 | 26.84 | 4.64 | 6.37 | 1.40 | 4.39 | −0.11 | 2.84 | 0.03 | 3.02 | 0.39 | 3.87 |
AT | −13.33 | −4.83 | −0.16 | −3.92 | 1.05 | −0.73 | 1.66 | 0.43 | −1.03 | −2.39 | −0.27 | 0.52 |
SI | 22.36 | 34.45 | 6.63 | 2.73 | 4.51 | 5.77 | 1.95 | 3.42 | 1.01 | 3.10 | 0.72 | 4.61 |
MT | 29.03 | 35.57 | 5.59 | 6.70 | 4.73 | 7.27 | 0.74 | 3.79 | 0.42 | 3.41 | −0.01 | 2.92 |
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Antczak, E.; Lewandowska-Gwarda, K. How Fast Is Europe Getting Old? Analysis of Dynamics Applying the Spatial Shift–Share Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205661
Antczak E, Lewandowska-Gwarda K. How Fast Is Europe Getting Old? Analysis of Dynamics Applying the Spatial Shift–Share Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11(20):5661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205661
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntczak, Elżbieta, and Karolina Lewandowska-Gwarda. 2019. "How Fast Is Europe Getting Old? Analysis of Dynamics Applying the Spatial Shift–Share Approach" Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5661. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205661