Prospects of Public Participation in the Planning and Management of Urban Green Spaces in Lahore: A Discourse Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Discourse Analysis
1.2. Case Study
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Discourse A: Efficient Management
3.2. Discourse B: Pro/Anti-Administrative
3.3. Discourse C: Leadership and Capacity Building
3.4. Discourse D: Decentralisation or Elite Capture
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- How do you understand urban green spaces? Any example.
- Can you identify some specific issues regarding the quality (facilities and maintenance) and quantity (amount and accessibility) of existing green spaces?
- Can you identify different actors in the planning and management of urban green spaces in Lahore? What role they play, or in what ways they are important?
- What sort of relationship exists among these actors for the governance of green spaces?
- Why are urban green spaces important?
- What are the main objectives of the planning and management of the green spaces in Lahore? Probe for benefits such as economic, aesthetic, recreational, city image, etc.
- Do you agree with objectives mentioned above, or what do you think it should be? (difference and similarities)
- What factors do you think can hinder the achievement of your goals?
- How are green spaces planned and managed in Lahore?
- Does the development of a green space associate with some other types of developments in Lahore?
- What is the role of your organization? How do you participate in this process?
- Does government facilitate the participation of other actors, and to what extent?
- How are the resources for the green spaces in Lahore ensured or obtained? Probe further for financial, political and human resources
- Does the procurement of resources disturb the balance of power by giving some groups extra leverage during developing and managing green spaces in Lahore?
- How can the green spaces in Lahore be related to the sustainable development? (economic, social and environmental development)
- What are the challenges to achieving this goal?
- Which is the most critical factor? Why?
- Which institutions/organizations should be improved for the development and management of green spaces?
- What constitutes a way forward for the successful governance and management of green spaces?
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Q-Sort.No. | Factor A | Factor B | Factor C | Factor D |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.2454 | −0.1446 | 0.1368 | 0.524 |
2 | 0.5054 | −0.1363 | −0.1765 | 0.3383 |
3 | 0.2745 | −0.3719 | −0.0829 | 0.1099 |
4 | 0.0416 | 0.4762 | −0.2296 | −0.1201 |
5 | 0.574 | 0.1606 | −0.2095 | 0.1252 |
6 | 0.2669 | −0.3091 | −0.1563 | 0.0395 |
7 | −0.1165 | 0.0975 | 0.3797 | −0.2352 |
8 | 0.3286 | 0.0498 | 0.1579 | 0.1248 |
9 | 0.595 | 0.2068 | 0.0924 | 0.0774 |
10 | 0.6446 | 0.0753 | 0.1742 | 0.0515 |
11 | 0.1509 | 0.2066 | 0.0678 | −0.4369 |
12 | 0.2587 | 0.2465 | 0.0547 | 0.1772 |
13 | 0.451 | 0.0007 | 0.2453 | 0.1068 |
14 | −0.0344 | 0.1534 | 0.2126 | 0.1961 |
15 | 0.1441 | 0.2244 | −0.2044 | −0.2174 |
16 | 0.2593 | 0.1549 | −0.0566 | −0.2877 |
17 | 0.4023 | 0.1071 | 0.3679 | −0.2675 |
18 | −0.1815 | 0.2363 | −0.1531 | 0.1663 |
19 | −0.2286 | 0.3502 | 0.0747 | 0.1869 |
20 | 0.4308 | −0.1621 | −0.0631 | −0.2252 |
21 | 0.3866 | −0.1021 | 0.3451 | −0.2757 |
22 | 0.1193 | 0.277 | −0.01 | 0.1848 |
23 | 0.0553 | −0.5728 | 0.11 | −0.0661 |
24 | 0.4565 | 0.0712 | −0.4724 | 0.0538 |
25 | 0.548 | 0.1374 | −0.1736 | 0.1254 |
26 | 0.0164 | −0.2158 | 0.4136 | −0.1404 |
27 | 0.2733 | 0.4381 | 0.1723 | 0.2788 |
Eigenvalue | 3.2499 | 1.6816 | 1.2975 | 1.3298 |
% of Explanatory Variance | 12 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
Appendix E
Q-Sort.No. | Factor A | Factor B | Factor C | Factor D |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.3991 X | 0.0595 | −0.0871 | −0.4516 X |
2 | 0.4912 X | 0.2707 | −0.2968 | −0.1303 |
5 | 0.5415 X | 0.1109 | −0.2621 | 0.2015 |
8 | 0.3768 X | 0.0318 | 0.0824 | −0.0338 |
9 | 0.6169 X | 0.0353 | 0.0270 | 0.1699 |
10 | 0.6327 X | 0.1587 | 0.1216 | 0.1180 |
13 | 0.4812 X | 0.1125 | 0.1713 | −0.0358 |
25 | 0.5205 X | 0.1128 | −0.2276 | 0.1721 |
27 | 0.5205 X | 0.1128 | −0.2276 | 0.1721 |
3 | 0.1637 | 0.4165 X | −0.0948 | −0.1527 |
6 | 0.1319 | 0.3929 X | −0.1367 | −0.0477 |
19 | −0.0203 | −0.4563 X | −0.0356 | −0.0743 |
20 | 0.2325 | 0.3895 X | 0.0446 | 0.2426 |
23 | −0.1040 | 0.5048 X | 0.1722 | −0.2287 |
7 | −0.840 | −0.1416 | 0.4356 X | 0.0754 |
17 | 0.3524 | 0.0780 | 0.4310 X | 0.2533 |
21 | 0.2763 | 0.2552 | 0.4307 X | 0.1673 |
24 | 0.3349 | 0.2070 | −0.4615 X | 0.2677 |
26 | −0.0086 | 0.1476 | 0.4499 X | −0.1154 |
4 | 0.0677 | −0.3099 | −0.1961 | 0.3956 X |
11 | 0.0350 | −0.0088 | 0.2257 | 0.4568 X |
15 | 0.0592 | −0.0327 | −0.1138 | 0.3776 X |
16 | 0.1451 | 0.0646 | 0.0534 | 0.3862 X |
12 | 0.3660 | −0.1582 | −0.0477 | 0.0281 |
14 | 0.1283 | −0.2373 | 0.0984 | −0.1610 |
18 | −0.0647 | −0.2910 | −0.2246 | −0.0245 |
22 | 0.2429 | −0.2320 | −0.1101 | 0.0178 |
Appendix F
Statements | Factor ‘A’ | Factor ‘B’ | Factor ‘C’ | Factor ‘D’ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | People do not realize what is quality of life? Quality of life is not about taking the big house; quality of life is what is inhaling, how you feel, or is your brain at peace. That is quality of life. | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
2 | At least all the parks in Lahore should be digitized and mapped in GIS and as online information, where people can know when its maintenance is due, and when it is done. How much is the budget, how much has been spent? There should be information sharing, so that people will come to know the government preferences towards the parks and the green spaces. | 2 | 0 | −2 | 3 |
3 | I feel that these local group environment groups should come forward. They should take the lead and the NGO should back them up by giving excellent solid scientific support. | 1 | −2 | 3 | 2 |
4 | NGOs have a very limited scope. They can do some pilot projects which can address four or five schools, but if you want a big scale, then you need to involve the government. | −2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
5 | I think there is no community culture here. They need to develop a community culture. Where there are parks, people in the neighborhood should have meetings, or they should have clubs, so they can specify that in this area what do they need. | 2 | 0 | −4 | −4 |
6 | Parks and Horticulture is authority, why do we have authorities? WAPDA is another authority, and so is LDA, so why authorities? Why are not these services? If these are services, you can involve people. | −2 | −3 | −2 | −2 |
7 | Every citizen has to contribute to green spaces, because they are using these resources or nature. They are consuming, so they must play their part. | 4 | 4 | −2 | −3 |
8 | When we write PHA at an institutional level they bluntly refused us and said we do not have plants. And when we ask them by using personal contacts they told us do not worry, you will get all the plants. | −2 | −1 | −1 | 1 |
9 | The government does not allocate enough budgets for EPD. That shows the priority of our leaders, our politicians and our government, and if they think that the environment is OK this is a western agenda, and these are rich people tantrums. | −1 | −4 | −1 | 4 |
10 | The cantonment belongs to the military, so it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence. So, the chief executive of the cantonment is not answerable to the chief minister of Punjab. So, it becomes a very difficult proposition. | −2 | −2 | 1 | 0 |
11 | In our country our bureaucratic system there are turf wars. There is less coordination, unity, and not a single united policy on which everyone is agreed. | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
12 | If the state is a signatory of Biodiversity (CBD) they need to conserve flora and fauna both. They need to conserve it as an obligation. | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
13 | The civil society should take responsibility. Sometimes there is limited capacity and knowledge, so civil society can bridge that gap and ensure that good laws are enacted and complied with. | 1 | 2 | 4 | −3 |
14 | The local government needs to generate funds. So, if we go to any park or historical place in the western country, we have to pay for that. Why cannot we pay the fee? They can generate their own resources. | 0 | 3 | 1 | −4 |
15 | EPD cannot do enforcement efficiently. The most important reason is if someone plants trees, where is the land? | −3 | −1 | 0 | 0 |
16 | We have brought back the local government system again after a nine year gap, but they do not have any power. All of the authority is held by the chairman of the LDA or the chairman of the PHA. | −1 | 2 | −1 | 3 |
17 | In our country not much importance is given to the environment. Once climate change was a ministry, and then it becomes a department, which again became a ministry, but a toothless kind of ministry. | 3 | −2 | −3 | 0 |
18 | Nothing can be seen in the parks that involves the user to take the ownership of the parks. So this concept of ownership is not here, in which people think this is my park, and there should be flowers and the trees of my choice. | 0 | 1 | −2 | 0 |
19 | Civil society sometimes cannot get that support which is needed from media, judiciary, and local people. | −2 | −1 | 1 | −3 |
20 | Green spaces are not adequate in the inner city. We do have funds, but people don’t want to leave their places. they are ready to die for every single inch of land | −4 | 0 | −1 | 2 |
21 | If local government needs a budget they cannot increase a few fines or fees or tax, as they need to take permission from the provincial government, and the provincial government will not allow it. They cannot generate their own funds. So, the cities cannot be run. | 0 | 1 | −2 | 2 |
22 | For a long time new parks have not been formed, as the government does not have sufficient land. | −4 | 4 | 0 | −2 |
23 | This is cuckoo land. These people in the inner city do not have any money to maintain their houses, so how do you ask these people to make a garden on their rooves. | −4 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
24 | I believe that academia can be used to sensitize and to communicate the importance of the environment and urban green spaces to the people. | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
25 | There should be a department who plays the leading role in coordinating, and it is the Planning and Development Department, because recently all the planning and development is being done under it. | −2 | −2 | 0 | −1 |
26 | How many people have the budgeting concept? Even if I have it, I will not want that headache. In this situation, it is unnecessary interference to involve a layman. | −3 | −4 | 3 | −1 |
27 | NGOs have not done any significant project on urban green spa spaces. What they did is in bits and pieces, like lobbying, advocacy, with journalists, students and the private sector | −1 | 1 | −1 | −3 |
28 | The latest trend is that private housing societies import plants from China or Thailand that are fully grown plants. So that is how they are getting good business, but that is neither our economy, not the indigenous plant. | −1 | −2 | −2 | 1 |
29 | I think things are getting commercialized. People go to green spaces for a walk, but they have increased the grey structure. You are bringing that kind of facilities which are damaging the true spirit of UGS. | 1 | 4 | −4 | 3 |
30 | The environment is not our priority. Our policymakers want to show that stuff to the masses, on the basis of which, they will get more votes in the coming elections. | 3 | 0 | 2 | −2 |
31 | Planning varies from area to area in Lahore. Posh areas where policymakers live and have their influence are better looked after and managed. | 0 | −3 | 2 | 4 |
32 | The goal of the PHA is a politically infused goal based upon a CM vision, and that is; Lahore should be green. They want to make it a beautiful and a model city. | −3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
33 | I must say that the role of Ulemas can be very positive. They are being used for the wrong things. If we engage them, I mean to say that we can use that institution as well. | 3 | −1 | 2 | −1 |
34 | The local government is a significant stakeholder, as it has the authority to identify the areas for the provision of green spaces. | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
35 | I think technocrats should have a bigger role; the right man for the right job is what needed. But it is not being done. | 4 | −2 | 1 | −1 |
36 | Green spaces are meant to be used by users, but if you ask me, if they have any role in policy making and decision making, it is not like that they should be involved in this process. | 2 | 2 | −3 | 0 |
37 | I have seen that our private sector is more aware than the government sector on the virtue of environment protection, as most of the private housing schemes have green spaces as their dominant features. | −1 | 0 | −4 | −4 |
38 | I think in our system the NGOs need to interfere, because when they protest on something, it catches the attention of the media, resulting in some progress, negotiation, and so there is some betterment. | 0 | −3 | 4 | 1 |
39 | If you talk to the forest department they talk about forestry, but they do not have any clarity and comprehension on urban forestry, as it should be. | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 |
40 | The primary use of UGS is none other than having a walk or jogging, or holding social gatherings with friends in the park, where our children can play. | 0 | 0 | −1 | 2 |
41 | Media covers the issues, but not that much, because it is not in the advertisers’ interest, nor is it of the corporate interest, so they do not focus on them. | 2 | −3 | −3 | 2 |
42 | UGS are controlled by the bureaucracy. So, if one bureaucrat comes for six months and is replaced by another, they have little chance to understand the problem comprehensively | 0 | −1 | −3 | −2 |
43 | The green spaces and its problem cannot be solved until it is not taken at the government level. Other problems can be solved at the individual level, but for green spaces and tree plantation, government has to give some policy. Yet at city level, government has to give some policy. | −1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
44 | EPD should be effective because it is the environment that it is supposed to deal with exclusively, but at present, the EPD hardly makes its presence felt. | 1 | 0 | 3 | −1 |
45 | Students are doing research, but they do not have any facilities. Even if you ask data from the PHA, they will not share data with researchers. | −1 | −4 | −1 | −2 |
46 | When talking about the Lahore city, the local environmental group is a powerful pressure group, so its activists do not let anything go wrong here easily. They are quite vigilant; parks cannot be transformed for any other purposes. | −3 | −1 | 2 | −1 |
47 | We do not have coordination among departments. So, if our mayor and his institutions are cooperating with the PHA, the PHA is not coordinating with the forest department. It wastes the resources in overlapping, and thus we cannot benefit from each other’s expertise. | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
48 | Private participation is too little. And if we talk about what the private sector is doing, it is mostly undertaking tree planting initiatives. They have no participation in policymaking. | 2 | 1 | 1 | −2 |
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Stakeholders’ Group | Organizations/Institutions/Public | Number of Interviews N = 30 | Number of Q-Sorts N = 27 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Government Stakeholders | Parks and Horticulture Authority | 2 | 2 | |
Punjab Forestry Department | 2 | 2 | ||
Lahore Walled City Authority | 2 | 1 | ||
Metropolitan Corporation Lahore | 1 | 1 | ||
Environmental Protection Department | 2 | 1 | ||
Politician | 2 | 3 | ||
Department of Planning and Development | 1 | 1 | ||
Cantonment Board, Cantt | 1 | 0 | ||
Non-governmental Stakeholders | Private | Expert (landscape and horticulture) | 2 | 2 |
Lahore Chamber of Commerce | 1 | 0 | ||
Private Developer | 1 | 1 | ||
Civil Society | International NGOs with local partners | 2 | 2 | |
Local Environmental group | 2 | 2 | ||
Academia | 2 | 2 | ||
Media | 2 | 2 | ||
Users | 5 | 5 |
Types of Claim | Elements of Discourse | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ontology (Set of Entities) | Agency (Degree of Agency Assigned to Entities) | Actors and Motivations | Relations | |
Definitive (Meaning of term) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Designative (Statements of fact) | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Evaluative (Worth of something) | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Advocative (Should or should not exist) | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
Factor A Efficient management | Factor B Pro/Anti administrative | Factor C Leadership/capacity building | Factor D Decentralization or Elite Capture | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 3.2 | 1.67 | 1.29 | 1.32 |
Number of Q-sorts significantly Loading | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Stakeholder groups | Government, Environmental group, Private Developers, Academia, Media, Users | Government, Experts and Users | Government, Experts and Users | Government, Environmental group, Academia |
Stakeholders’ Group | Factor A | Factor B | Factor C | Factor D | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Government | 2 | 3 | 2 | −1 | 1 | −1 |
Environmental groups/NGOs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||
Media | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Users | 2 | −1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Private Developers | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Academia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Experts | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
St.No. | Most Agreed and Disagreed Statements | Position in Q-Sort |
---|---|---|
7 | Every citizen has to contribute to green spaces, because they are using these resources or nature. They are consuming, so they must play their part. | +4 |
35 | I think technocrats [expert knowledge] should have a bigger role; the right man for the right job is what needed. But it is not being done. | +4 |
17 | In our country, not much importance is given to the environment. Once climate change was a ministry, and then it becomes a department, which again became a ministry, but toothless kind of ministry. | +3 |
30 | The environment is not our priority. Our policymakers want to show that stuff to the masses, on the basis of which they will get more votes in the coming elections. | +3 |
33 | I must say that the role of Ulemas (religious leaders) can be very positive. They are being used for the wrong things. If we engage them, I mean to say that we can use that institution as well. | +3 |
5 | I think there is no community culture here. They need to develop a community culture. Where there are parks, people in the neighborhood should have meetings, or they should have clubs, so they can specify that in this area this is what they need. | +2 |
20 | Green spaces are not adequate in the inner city. We do have funds, but people do not want to leave their places. They are ready to die for every single inch of land. | −4 |
22 | For a long time new parks have not been formed, as the government does not have sufficient land. | −4 |
23 | This is cuckoo land. These people in the inner city do not have money to maintain their houses, so how do you ask these people to make a garden on their rooves. | −4 |
St.No. | Most Agreed and Disagreed Statements | Position in Q-Sort | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive Loader | Negative Loader | ||
22 | For a long time new parks have not been formed, as the government does not have sufficient land. | +4 | −4 |
29 | I think things are getting commercialized. People go to green spaces for a walk, but they have increased the grey structure. You are bringing those kind of facilities which are damaging the true spirit of UGS. | +4 | −4 |
7 | Every citizen has to contribute to green spaces, because they are using these resources or nature. They are consuming, so they must play their part. | +4 | −4 |
14 | The local government needs to generate funds. So, if we go to any park or historical place in the western country, we have to pay for that. Why cannot we pay the fee? They can generate their own resources. | +3 | −3 |
11 | In our country, our bureaucratic system, there are turf wars. There is less coordination, less unity, and not a single united policy upon which everyone is agreed. | +3 | −3 |
37 | I have seen that our private sector is more aware than the government sector on the virtue of environmental protection, as most of the private housing schemes have green spaces as dominant features. | 0 | 0 |
33 | I must say that the role of Ulemas can be very positive. They are being used for the wrong things. If we engage them, I mean to say that we can use that institution as well. | −1 | +1 |
35 | I think technocrats should have a bigger role; the right man for the right job is what needed. But it is not being done. | −2 | +2 |
3 | I feel that these local group environment groups should come forward. They should take the lead and the NGOs should back them up by giving excellent solid scientific support. | −2 | +2 |
31 | Planning varies from area to area in Lahore. Posh areas where policymakers live and have their influence are better looked after and managed. | −3 | +3 |
9 | The government does not allocate enough budgets for EPD. That shows the priority of our leaders, our politicians and our government, and if they think that the environment is OK this is a western agenda, and these are rich people tantrums. | −4 | +4 |
St.No. | Most Agreed and Disagreed Statements | Position in Q-Sort | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive Loaders | Negative Loader | ||
1 | People do not realize what is quality of life. The Quality of life is not about taking the big house; quality of life is what is inhaling, how you feel, or is your brain at peace. That is the quality of life. | +4 | −4 |
13 | The civil society should take responsibility. Sometimes there is limited capacity and knowledge, so civil society can bridge that gap, and ensure that good laws are enacted and complied with. | +4 | −4 |
38 | I think in our system the NGOs need to interfere, because when they protest on something, it catches the attention of the media, resulting in some progress and negotiation, and so there is some betterment. | +4 | −4 |
23 | This is cuckoo land. These people in the inner city do not have any money to maintain their houses, so how do you ask these people to make a garden on their rooves. | +3 | −3 |
26 | How many people have the budgeting concept? Even if I have it, I will not want that headache. In this situation, it is unnecessary interference to involve a layman. | +3 | −3 |
3 | I feel that these local group environment groups should come forward. They should take the lead, and NGO should back them up by giving excellent solid scientific support. | +3 | −3 |
46 | When talking about the Lahore city the local environmental group is a powerful pressure group, so its activists do not let anything go wrong here easily. They are quite vigilant; parks cannot be transformed for any other purposes. | +2 | −2 |
36 | Green spaces are meant to be used by users, but if you ask me, if they have any role in policy making and decision making, it is not like that they should be involved in this process. | −3 | +3 |
37 | I have seen that our private sector is more aware than the government sector on the virtue of environmental protection, as most of the private housing schemes have green spaces as their dominant features. | −4 | +4 |
5 | I think there is no community culture here. They need to develop a community culture. Where there are parks, people in the neighborhood should have meetings, or they should have clubs, so they can specify that in this area what do they need. | −4 | +4 |
St.No | Most Agreed and Disagreed Statements | Position in Q-Sort | |
---|---|---|---|
Positive Loaders | Negative Loaders | ||
31 | Planning varies from area to area in Lahore. Posh areas where policymakers live and have their influence are better looked after and managed. | +4 | −4 |
43 | The green spaces and their problem cannot be solved until it is not taken at the government level. Other problems can be solved at the individual level, but for green spaces and tree plantation, government have to give some policy. Yet at city level, government has to give some policy. | +4 | −4 |
2 | At least all the parks in Lahore should be digitized and mapped in GIS and as online information, where people can know when its maintenance is due, and when it is done. How much is the budget, how much has been spent? There should be information sharing, so that people will come to know the government preferences towards the parks and the green spaces. | +3 | −3 |
16 | We have brought back the local government system again after a nine years gap, but they do not have any power. All of the authority is held by the chairman of the LDA or the chairman of the PHA. | +3 | −3 |
21 | If local government needs a budget, they cannot increase a few fines or fees or tax, as they need to take permission from the provincial government, and the provincial government will not allow it. They cannot generate their own funds, so the cities cannot be run | +2 | −2 |
30 | The environment is not our priority. Our policymakers want to show that stuff to the masses, on the basis of which, they will get more votes in the coming elections. | −2 | +2 |
48 | Private participation is too little. And if we talk about what the private sector is doing, it is mostly undertaking tree planting initiatives. They have no participation in policymaking. | −2 | +2 |
37 | I have seen that our private sector is more aware than the government sector on the virtue of environment protection, as most of the private housing schemes have green spaces as dominant features. | −4 | +4 |
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Alam, R.; Lovett, J.C. Prospects of Public Participation in the Planning and Management of Urban Green Spaces in Lahore: A Discourse Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123387
Alam R, Lovett JC. Prospects of Public Participation in the Planning and Management of Urban Green Spaces in Lahore: A Discourse Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11(12):3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123387
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlam, Rizwana, and Jon C. Lovett. 2019. "Prospects of Public Participation in the Planning and Management of Urban Green Spaces in Lahore: A Discourse Analysis" Sustainability 11, no. 12: 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123387