Nursing Reports

Background: The implementation of shared governance within the nursing practice results in heightened satisfaction among nurses and enhances the quality of care provided. Shared governance fosters collaborative and proactive relationships among nurses and healthcare providers, while also cultivating a sense of confidence among nurses. However, evidence suggests that a lack of awareness, reliance on traditional governance, and inadequate shared governance structures among nurses continue to exist at the unit-based council (UBC) level, including those in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Purpose: The present study aimed to assess the extent of clinical nurses’ perceptions concerning shared governance at the UBC level, and to examine the variations and relationships in their perceptions based on demographic and work-related characteristics. It further explored the demographic and work-related factors that affect the overall perceptions of shared governance among clinical nurses. Methods: This quantitative study utilized a cross-sectional design and was carried out in three governmental hospitals in the KSA. The sample comprised 669 nurses, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The Index of Professional Nursing Governance (IPNG) tool was utilized for data collection conducted between February 2025 and April 2025. Descriptive statistics alongside the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson-r correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression were utilized for data analysis. Significant findings were drawn when p ≤ 0.05. Results: The average perception of shared governance among clinical nurses at the UBC level was 180.42 out of 430, suggesting that decision-making occurs collaboratively between nurses and management. Significant differences in the average level of clinical nurses’ perceptions of shared governance were noted in relation to their educational qualifications (F = 5.015, p = 0.001) and nursing units (F = 4.157, p = 0.010). The hospital in which clinical nurses were employed (r = 0.098, p = 0.037) and nursing units (r = 0.087, p = 0.020) exhibited significant correlations with their overall shared professional governance. Furthermore, the hospital where clinical nurses were employed (β = 0.406, p = 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.166, 0.646) and nursing units (β = 0.326, p = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.018, 0.314) served as predictors of their overall professional shared governance. Conclusions: Clinical nurses in this study showed an initial or relatively low level of shared governance at the UBC level. The overall finding highlights a critical need for nursing managers and leaders to enhance the level of professional shared governance among clinical nurses, which may result in improved nurse retention and overall quality of nursing care. It is crucial to consider clinical nurses’ educational qualifications and working environment at the UBC level when aiming to enhance their level of professional shared governance. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obstetric violence (OV) is a violation of women’s human rights during reproductive processes. Despite being the subject of debate among healthcare professionals, increasingly recognized, and legislated against in some countries, OV continues to be reproduced and normalized during training. The objective of this study was to determine the perception of OV among health sciences students and gynaecology and obstetrics residents. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 304 health sciences students and gynaecology and obstetrics residents in Spain. An online questionnaire was distributed that gathered information on sociodemographic variables and clinical experience and included the validated PercOV-S instrument. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed to explore associations between variables. Results: The overall perception of OV was moderately high (mean 3.93/5), with higher scores for visible or protocolized forms (4.27/5) than for invisible or subtle forms (2.87/5). Being a woman, being a midwifery resident, or having had personal experiences with pregnancy or childbirth increased sensitivity to OV. Clinical exposure in obstetrics and gynaecology services increased both awareness and the likelihood of witnessing OV. Twenty-eight percent of students reported having observed OV, and twenty percent reported emotional distress, even considering dropping out. Conclusions: Despite the recognition of OV, repeated exposure during training can promote its normalization. The results of this study highlight the need for safe, reflective training environments that mainstream feminist perspectives, sexual rights, and the detection of subtle forms of OV. Full article

Background: Nurses need strong English language skills to access knowledge and promote evidence-based practice. Podcast production is a promising pedagogical strategy to improve language skills. However, the effects of podcast production on nursing students’ perceived English reading proficiency and the most effective production instructional approaches remain unreported. Aim: To examine the impacts of podcast production on undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions of English reading skills and compare the effectiveness of two podcast production teaching methods. Design: A quasi-experimental study. Methods: 78 third-year nursing students in Northern Thailand were divided into an experimental group (n = 39) and a control group (n = 39). The experimental group received specific guidelines for podcast production, while the control group used a non-guided method. Outcomes included students’ perceptions of their English reading skills and the experimental group’s attitudes toward podcast production guidelines. Results: Pre-test scores for perceived English reading skills were similar between groups (t = −1.029, p = 0.307). ANCOVA revealed that after controlling for pre-test scores, the control group reported significantly higher adjusted post-test scores than the experimental group (F = 5.001, p = 0.028). Students in the experimental group expressed positive attitudes toward the podcast production guidelines. Conclusions: Both podcast production approaches were effective; however, the less-guided approach showed greater improvement in students’ perceptions of their English reading skills. This approach may encourage student autonomy, creativity and deeper engagement. Podcast production emerges as a valuable student-centred learning strategy to improve perceptions of language skills, but finding a balance between support and independence during instruction seems important to maximise its potential benefits. Full article

Background/Objectives: Vital signs monitoring during blood transfusion is important but inconsistently practiced across contexts. This paper aimed to consolidate the available evidence to determine the optimal monitoring frequency that balances efficiency and safety in clinical practice. Methods: Evidence was gathered through a literature review, review of international guidelines, investigation of local practices and analysis of study institution’s retrospective data on transfusion reaction patterns. Expert opinions were consulted on the proposed changes, prior to the pilot feasibility study. Results: The majority of the reviewed guidelines and practices monitored vital signs at three time-points: before transfusion, 15 min after initiation and upon completion. However, study hospital data revealed that transfusion reactions predominantly occurred within the first two hours, particularly among males aged 50–70 who received red packed cells in the oncology wards and had abnormal pre-transfusion vital signs. Thus, the original 10-point frequency practiced by the study hospital was modified to seven time-points instead of the widely adopted three time-points: prior to blood transfusion; 15 min after commencement; 30 min at the forty-fifth minute; hourly thereafter until completion; and within 1 h post-transfusion. Conclusions: Despite existing guidelines recommending only three vital signs monitoring time-points, institutional data suggests that using seven time-points is optimal to minimize missed transfusion reactions while preventing an unnecessary workload, balancing patient safety and operational efficiency. These proposed revisions will be evaluated through an upcoming pilot trial to assess their feasibility and the impact on patient outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: Childbirth, although generally a positive life event, can sometimes be experienced as traumatic, leading to postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder. Emergency caesarean section and operative vaginal delivery are associated with elevated psychological distress, while factors such as lifetime trauma, domestic violence, anxiety, and coping strategies may further increase vulnerability. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 113 postpartum women who delivered via emergency caesarean section (73.5%) or operative vaginal delivery (26.5%) in two tertiary hospitals in Athens, Greece (March–July 2023). Data were collected at three time points: the second postpartum day, six weeks postpartum, and three months postpartum. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics. Chi-square tests were performed for categorical variables and independent sample t-tests for continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder, with results expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: At six weeks postpartum, 14.2% of participants met full diagnostic criteria for P-PTSD. Postpartum post-traumatic stress was strongly associated with higher state and trait anxiety, fewer positive coping strategies, and exposure to domestic violence (lifetime, during pregnancy, and in the past year). Women with traumatic childbirth experiences had a 14.7-fold higher risk of developing P-PTSD. Lifetime trauma, particularly physical or sexual abuse and exposure to disasters, further increased vulnerability. Over the last three months, 50% of those initially diagnosed continued to meet the diagnostic criteria. Multivariate analysis identified traumatic childbirth, state anxiety, and domestic violence during pregnancy as significant predictors of postpartum post-traumatic stress. Conclusions: Postpartum post-traumatic stress is a significant and underestimated consequence of high-risk deliveries. Screening for domestic violence and trauma history during pregnancy, assessing perinatal anxiety, and providing trauma-informed psychological support are critical to reducing maternal psychiatric morbidity and promoting maternal-infant well-being. Full article

Background/Objectives: Population ageing and the need for hospitalisation due to acute or chronic illness have contributed to increased physical frailty among older adults, with implications for their quality of life and healthcare. This study aims to describe the development and validation process of a rehabilitation nursing programme for hospitalised older adults experiencing physical frailty. Methods: The e-Delphi study was conducted between September 2024 and May 2025, comprising three phases: (1) development of the rehabilitation nursing programme for frail older adults admitted to hospital; (2) validation of the programme content using a modified e-Delphi technique; and (3) development of the final programme prototype. Results: A panel of 18 experts participated. After a pair of rounds, every single program component achieved a Content Validity Index CVI over or equal to 0.90, and expert agreement was 100% related to the possibility of preventing frailty. The resulting prototype, Moving4notfrail^®, includes a progression of muscle-joint exercises in five positions (lying down, sitting in bed with feet on the floor, sitting in a chair, standing and walking). It integrates strategies such as dual tasks, sensory and visual stimuli, and verbal and tactile guidance to enhance participant engagement and adherence to the programme. Conclusions: The experts’ contributions validated the rehabilitation nursing programme for frail hospitalised older adults. The final prototype systematises key exercises aimed at preventing the progression of physical frailty and may also serve as a valuable tool in preventing its onset. Full article

Background: Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services is internationally recognized as a fundamental human right and an essential determinant of health. Yet, many healthcare facilities in sub-Saharan Africa face persistent WASH deficits, undermining safe and effective care delivery. Aim: To explore how water (in)accessibility influences patient healthcare experiences and patient–provider relationships in Yendi Hospital, a major referral facility in northern Ghana. Methods: Using a qualitative design, we gathered data from patients (n = 21), caregivers (n = 11), and nurses (n = 11) through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and a focus group to document their lived experiences and perceptions. We transcribed and inductively coded the data for thematic analysis. Results: Our key findings reveal that water inaccessibility is not solely an infrastructural issue but also a pervasive challenge with profound implications for care delivery. Patients and caregivers often leave the hospital to bathe at home, resulting in missed ward rounds, delayed reviews, and/or refusal of admission. Nurses described how water inaccessibility disrupted clinical routines and strained relationships with patients and caregivers. These dynamics eroded trust, rapport, and professional morale, while exacerbating inequities in healthcare access and outcomes. Conclusions: This study underscores that addressing water challenges in the hospital is imperative not only for infection control but also for fostering equity, patient rights, and institutional resilience. We argue that policy interventions to strengthen WASH systems are urgently required to advance progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 6. Full article

Objective: This study aims to validate a referral model for specialised nursing consultation in the treatment of patients with complex wounds. Methods: A sequential mixed-methods design was used. First, a focus group with national wound care experts was conducted to identify and discuss potential referral indicators based on current clinical practice and the existing literature. The preliminary criteria were then evaluated and refined through a two-round Delphi survey involving a multidisciplinary panel of specialists. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement among participants. Results: Fourteen referral criteria achieved expert consensus, with several, such as the need for advanced therapies, multidisciplinary management, and the presence of peripheral vascular disease, reaching over 90% agreement. The most frequently prioritised indicators for referral included wound complexity (exposure of fascia or surgical material, presence of non-viable tissue, or associated vascular pathology) and the need for innovative advanced therapies (e.g., negative-pressure wound therapy, topical oxygen therapy). Conclusions: This validated set of referral criteria offers a structured, evidence-informed tool to support timely and appropriate referral to specialised nursing consultation, enhancing consistency, quality, and efficiency in wound management. Beyond clinical utility, these criteria may serve as a foundation for national referral policies, interprofessional collaboration, and future digital decision-support systems aimed at optimising complex wound care. Full article

Background/Objectives: Abnormal vital signs often precede in-hospital clinical deterioration, but little is known about how nurses decide when to recheck vital signs. We examined how nurse characteristics relate to the next vital sign observation interval after detecting abnormal values and how this decision could be used as a learning objective in simulation-based education. Methods: In this prospective exploratory observational study at a university hospital in Japan, twenty-seven nurses used a full-body patient simulator across three scenarios: normal, low-urgency, and moderate-risk (moderately abnormal vital signs according to National Early Warning Score 2 [NEWS2] risk bands). After each assessment, participants specified in hours the interval they considered appropriate for the next vital sign observation. Nurse characteristics included years of clinical experience, advanced life support (ALS) training, and prior experiences recognizing or responding to deterioration. Mann–Whitney U tests and multiple regression were used to explore univariate and adjusted associations. Results: In the low-urgency scenario, ALS training was associated with shorter intervals (median 1 h vs. 3 h; p = 0.04). In the moderate-risk scenario, univariate analyses showed shorter intervals among nurses with greater experience and among those with ALS training (both p < 0.01). In adjusted models for the moderate-risk scenario, years of experience and prior experiences of recognizing and responding to deterioration were independently associated with shorter intervals (all p < 0.05), whereas ALS training was not. Conclusions: The decision to shorten observation intervals appears to reflect experiential aspects of clinical judgment. Integrating “setting the next observation interval” as an explicit learning objective in simulation may help strengthen nurses’ clinical judgment for early recognition of deterioration. As an exploratory, single-center study with a small sample and fixed scenario order, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and used to guide larger confirmatory studies and curricular design. This study was not registered. Full article

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift toward community- and home-based care models. Within this transformation, Family and Community Nurses (FCNs) have become key in bridging hospital and primary care, supporting continuity, self-care, and quality of life (QoL). Despite increasing recognition, evidence on FCN-led interventions remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on the impact of FCN interventions on QoL and clinical outcomes in post-COVID and people living with chronic conditions managed in community and home settings. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library (January 2020–November 2024). Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials evaluating FCN-led interventions. Primary outcomes were QoL (measured with validated tools) and glycemic control (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes included hospital readmissions, anxiety, depression, and self-care abilities. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 tool for randomized controlled trials. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, with heterogeneity evaluated by I². The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024567890) before data extraction. Results: Seventy-one studies (n = 19,390) were included. Interventions comprised home visits, telehealth, patient education, and case management. Pooled analyses demonstrated significant improvement in QoL (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.18–0.50) and reduction in HbA1c (−0.47%, 95% CI −0.69 to −0.25). FCN interventions also reduced hospital readmissions (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62–0.89) and improved mental health outcomes. Most studies were judged at low to moderate risk of bias. Conclusions: FCN-led interventions significantly enhance QoL, mental health, and clinical outcomes while reducing hospital readmissions. These findings highlight the strategic importance of integrating FCNs into community-based healthcare models. Full article

Background/Objectives: Wound management remains a clinical challenge, particularly in chronic and refractory conditions. Ozone, due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and tissue-regenerative properties, has emerged as promising adjuvant therapy. This integrative re-view aimed to critically analyze the therapeutic effects, routes of administration, benefits, and limitations of ozone in wound treatment. Methods: The review followed the Joanna Briggs In-stitute methodology and the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were identified through compre-hensive search in the SCOPUS, CINAHL Ultimate, MEDLINE Ultimate, and MedicLatina data-bases, with no time restrictions. Inclusion criteria encompassed primary studies involving adults (≥18 years) with wounds treated with ozone. The methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the tools recommended by JBI. Results: Nine reports published between 2019 and 2025 met the inclusion criteria. The findings consistently demonstrated clinical benefits of ozone therapy, including accelerated wound healing, pain reduction, and infection control. The forms of application included ozonated water, ozonated olive oil, and gaseous ozone. However, heterogeneity was observed in ozone concentration, frequency, and treatment duration. The methodological quality of the included studies ranged from moderate to high. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that ozone may represent promising adjuvant treatment for certain types of wounds; however, the quality and independence of the existing studies are limited, and the lack of standardized protocols as well as methodological variability restrict the generalizability of the findings. Therefore, more robust clinical trials are needed to strengthen the evidence base and support its clinical implementation. Full article

Background/Objective: This review explored the literature on Missed Nursing Care (MNC) in inpatient oncology settings to gain insights on how to enhance the quality of nursing care for hospitalized patients with cancer and survivors. The aim was to identify the common MNC and the factors associated with MNC in inpatient oncology units. Methods: A scoping review approach was used, in which a five-stage methodological framework informed the process. Five databases were searched for relevant studies (EMBASE, Medline, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) published from January 2013 to June 2025. Other search methods were conducted using Google Scholar, Trove, and ProQuest Dissertations for records focusing on the topic. The review included qualitative and quantitative articles. Thomas and Harden’s three-step method for thematic synthesis was followed to summarize data into themes. Results: Fifteen studies were selected and included in the scoping review. Three themes were generated: the commonly MNC; reasons for MNC; and factors associated with MNC. The common categories of MNC were related to basic patient care, documentation, and communication with patients or family members. The common factors associated with MNC were job satisfaction, patient load, and staffing adequacy. Conclusions: MNC is common in inpatient oncology settings and presents a key challenge to the safety of cancer patients and their health outcomes. Efforts to curtail MNC, such as integration of evidence-based policies, clinical guidelines, and standards in oncology nursing care, are needed. Interventional studies are needed to provide insight into effective remedies to the factors that fuel MNC, such as staffing, work overload, communication, work environment, and nurses’ skills. Studies from pediatric oncology settings, Africa, and other resource-limited settings where the future global burden of cancer will be highest are also needed. Full article

Background/Objectives: Homeless populations have higher rates of chronic illness and mortality than more advantaged peers but have low primary care engagement. Nurse-managed clinics emerged as a possible solution to increase healthcare access for marginalized populations. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of feasibility (conceptualized as patient recruitment and retention) and acceptability (conceptualized as patient satisfaction) of a nurse-managed primary care clinic tailored to people experiencing homelessness and poverty. Methods: This is a three-year retrospective chart review study of the clinic’s services, patient characteristics, and patient satisfaction. All adult patients for the three-year period were included (N = 514). Feasibility was measured by the number of unique patients seen and visits completed, ratio of completed to scheduled visits, and number of returning patients. Acceptability was measured by a 19-item Likert format (1–5) patient satisfaction survey. Patient characteristics were captured from intake forms. Results: Most patients were male, African American or White, and non-Hispanic. Regarding social determinants of health (SDOH), most patients did not have college education, were unemployed or unable to work, experienced homelessness, had no primary care provider, and no health insurance. Over three years, 1972 visits were scheduled and 1372 (69.6%) completed. A total of 514 patients were seen (37.5% of all visits), with 858 follow-up visits (62.5%). Returning patients (≥2 visits) totaled 59.1%. Yearly data shows steady growth in recruitment and retention. Patient satisfaction with facets of care (access, communication, interpersonal relations) was very high (Mrange = 4.63–4.69), including with Nurse Practitioner care, as was global satisfaction (M = 4.71; SD = 0.61; 76.3% very satisfied). Conclusions: Results indicate that a homeless-tailored nurse-managed clinic can recruit and retain homeless and working poor patients (feasibility), with high patient satisfaction with its services and staff (acceptability), independently of patient demographics or SDOH. Challenges related to retention deserve further study as well as the impact of services on the continuity of care, health, and well-being. Full article

Contemporary transformations in the world of work, together with the growing emotional and physical demands in nursing, have led to the emergence of new labor phenomena such as quiet quitting, which reflects changes in professional engagement and in the management of nurses’ well-being. Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Quiet Quitting Scale for European Portuguese, evaluating its psychometric properties among the nursing population. Methods: A cross-sectional validation study was conducted following COSMIN guidelines. The process included forward and back translation, expert panel review, and pretesting with 30 nurses. The psychometric evaluation was carried out with 347 nurses from Northern Portugal. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, internal consistency measures (Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation to assess construct validity. Results: The Portuguese version (QQS-PT) maintained the original three-factor structure (Detachment/Disinterest, Lack of Initiative, and Lack of Motivation). The model showed satisfactory fit indices (CFI = 0.936; GFI = 0.901; AGFI = 0.814; TLI = 0.905; RMSEA = 0.133). The overall internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.918; ω = 0.922), with subscale α ranging from 0.788 to 0.924. Composite reliability (CR) ranged from 0.815 to 0.924, and average variance extracted (AVE) from 0.606 to 0.859, confirming convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions: The QQS-PT demonstrated a stable factorial structure, strong reliability, and solid validity evidence. It is a brief and psychometrically sound instrument for assessing quiet quitting among nurses, providing valuable insights for research and management of professional engagement and well-being in healthcare contexts. Full article

Background/Objective: A nurse staffing crisis is a high-profile issue in the healthcare system. The challenge accelerates when considering the status of the nursing workforce in rural and remote (R&R) areas, where recruitment and retention are mounting problems. The primary focus of this study was to evaluate facilitators and barriers to entry into R&R nursing practice, alongside understanding educational preparedness to practice in these settings in Manitoba. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods survey and qualitative interviews were used as a study design to explore this emerging problem. Study participants include registered nurses (RNs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) practicing in Manitoba’s R&R areas within three years of graduation from a nursing program. Results: A total of 77 nurses (56-RNs and 21-LPNs) participated in the survey, while 16 nurses were interviewed subsequently. Having a positive workplace culture (70%), being born or residing in an R&R area before practicing as a nurse (66%), and having a good clinical variety of patients (65%) were identified as key facilitators. Unmanageable workload with inadequate staffing (50%) and inadequate resources and infrastructure (46%) were identified as key barriers to entering R&R nursing practice in Manitoba. Through qualitative interpretive descriptions, the generalist role, autonomy, rural life, and organizational culture were identified as facilitators, while resources, staffing, geography, and expanded roles were identified as barriers. Conclusions: Preparing new nursing graduates for the realities they face in R&R areas is paramount. The current study findings help inform R&R curriculum in undergraduate nursing programs and consider strategies to enhance employment opportunities for new nurses in these dynamic settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Readiness for practice is an essential outcome of nursing education, yet the factors influencing it among baccalaureate nursing students in Mongolia remain underexplored. This study aimed to provide a holistic understanding of factors influencing readiness for practice among baccalaureate nursing students in Mongolia, employing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Methods: A convergent mixed-methods design was used. The study included 150 final-year baccalaureate nursing students from 14 Mongolian universities. Quantitative data were collected via survey and analyzed using multiple regression analyses in SPSS 26.0. Concurrently, qualitative data were obtained through focus group interviews with 25 participants (nurses and faculty) and analyzed using content analysis. Results: Quantitative analyses revealed that the clinical learning environment, clinical competence, and critical thinking significantly influenced readiness for practice, explaining 40% of the variance. Qualitative findings—derived from nurses’ and faculty’s perspectives and findings—provided deeper insights: “maturity” was defined as students’ coping ability and adaptability; “competence” encompassed clinical, ethical, cultural, and communication skills; and “professional values” reflected passion, motivation, and readiness to engage in practice. These findings highlighted the essential interplay between personal, educational, and contextual factors in shaping readiness. Conclusions: Findings suggest strategies to enhance nursing students’ readiness, including fostering supportive clinical learning environments, structured mentorship, and integrating ethical and cultural training into curricula. These insights offer actionable recommendations for nursing schools and clinical institutions to strengthen collaboration, support professional development, and prepare competent, adaptable, and ethically grounded nursing graduates in Mongolia. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major global health concern, yet limited research has examined how sociodemographic factors and physical activity (PA) influence glycaemic control within specific national contexts. This pilot study explored associations between sociodemographic and behavioral factors and glycaemic regulation among adults with DM in Croatia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a national reference center, including 95 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and PA were obtained through questionnaires and medical records. Descriptive statistics, Welch’s t-tests, χ² tests, correlations, and regression analyses were applied to identify predictors of HbA1c and diabetes-related complications. Glycaemic control was categorized as optimal (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%) or suboptimal (>7.5%) according to the pragmatic clinical threshold commonly used in DM management. Results: Mean HbA1c was 6.9% (SD = 1.3), with 33.7% of participants above 7.5%. Higher education (β = −0.48, p = 0.013) and participation in strength or balance exercises (β = −0.32, p = 0.041) were associated with lower HbA1c, whereas longer disease duration (β = 0.03, p = 0.004) and type 2 diabetes (β = 0.38, p = 0.030) predicted higher HbA1c. In logistic regression, age predicted cardiovascular comorbidities (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.23, p = 0.019). The interaction between PA and place of residence (urban vs. rural) showed a non-significant trend (p = 0.061). Conclusions: Glycaemic control in Croatian adults with diabetes was associated with educational level and engagement in strength and balance exercises, while longer disease duration, older age, and type 2 diabetes were linked to poorer regulation and more complications. These findings underscore the importance of structured exercise and patient education in diabetes management, although larger, prospective studies with standardized PA-intensity measures are required to confirm and extend these results. Full article