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Article

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sustained Release and Enhanced Delivery of Vanda coerulea Protocorm Extract

by
Piyatida Amnuaykan
1,
Pimporn Anantaworasakul
1,2,
Kodpaka Lueadnakrob
1,
Pongsagon Kunkul
1,
Wilasinee Chokrungsarid
1,
Aiya Thummanuwong
1,
Saranya Juntrapirom
2,
Watchara Kanjanakawinkul
2 and
Wantida Chaiyana
1,3,4,5,*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2
Chulabhorn Royal Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities by Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Chon Buri 20180, Thailand
3
Center of Excellent in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
4
Research Center of Deep Technology in Beekeeping and Bee Products for Sustainable Development Goals (SMART BEE SDGs), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
5
Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(8), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081076
Submission received: 22 June 2025 / Revised: 8 August 2025 / Accepted: 18 August 2025 / Published: 20 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to develop a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) system incorporating a catechin-rich Vanda coerulea extract for topical cosmetic applications and to evaluate its physicochemical properties, release behavior, and skin retention performance. Methods: Blank NLCs were prepared using hot emulsification followed by sonication, with glyceryl monostearate, caprylic triglyceride, Poloxamer® 188, and Tween® 80 as the formulation components. NLCs with varying solid-to-liquid lipid ratios were developed while maintaining a constant total lipid content of 5% w/w. The formulations were characterized based on their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and physical stability, including stability after a heating–cooling cycle test. The effect of ultrasonication duration was also evaluated. The optimized NLC was then loaded with a V. coerulea extract and evaluated for in vitro release and skin retention using catechin as a marker. Results: The NLC with a particle size of 235.5 ± 29.8 nm, a narrow PDI range of 0.382 ± 0.090, and a strong zeta potential of −29.8 ± 0.3 mV was selected for the incorporation of the V. coerulea extract. The extract-loaded NLC exhibited a sustained release over 24 h, significantly different from the V. coerulea extract solution (p < 0.05). Skin retention studies revealed that the NLC achieved approximately twice the catechin retention compared to the solution at the 1 h time point (1.30 ± 0.01% vs. 0.68 ± 0.03% w/w). Conclusions: The V. coerulea-extract-loaded NLC demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties, sustained release behavior, and enhanced skin retention. These findings support its potential as a promising topical delivery system for antioxidant-rich botanical extracts in cosmetic applications.
Keywords: Blue Vanda; orchid; catechin; nanostructured lipid carriers; sustained release; skin retention Blue Vanda; orchid; catechin; nanostructured lipid carriers; sustained release; skin retention

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Amnuaykan, P.; Anantaworasakul, P.; Lueadnakrob, K.; Kunkul, P.; Chokrungsarid, W.; Thummanuwong, A.; Juntrapirom, S.; Kanjanakawinkul, W.; Chaiyana, W. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sustained Release and Enhanced Delivery of Vanda coerulea Protocorm Extract. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081076

AMA Style

Amnuaykan P, Anantaworasakul P, Lueadnakrob K, Kunkul P, Chokrungsarid W, Thummanuwong A, Juntrapirom S, Kanjanakawinkul W, Chaiyana W. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sustained Release and Enhanced Delivery of Vanda coerulea Protocorm Extract. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(8):1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081076

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amnuaykan, Piyatida, Pimporn Anantaworasakul, Kodpaka Lueadnakrob, Pongsagon Kunkul, Wilasinee Chokrungsarid, Aiya Thummanuwong, Saranya Juntrapirom, Watchara Kanjanakawinkul, and Wantida Chaiyana. 2025. "Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sustained Release and Enhanced Delivery of Vanda coerulea Protocorm Extract" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 8: 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081076

APA Style

Amnuaykan, P., Anantaworasakul, P., Lueadnakrob, K., Kunkul, P., Chokrungsarid, W., Thummanuwong, A., Juntrapirom, S., Kanjanakawinkul, W., & Chaiyana, W. (2025). Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sustained Release and Enhanced Delivery of Vanda coerulea Protocorm Extract. Pharmaceutics, 17(8), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17081076

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