Cytotoxic Screening and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Lippia alba and Clinopodium nepeta Essential Oils-Loaded Biocompatible Lipid Nanoparticles against Lung and Colon Cancer Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Plant Material and EO Extraction
2.3. Cell Culture
2.4. Cytotoxic Screening of Different EOs
2.5. Analysis by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
2.6. Preparation of EO-Loaded SLN (SLN/EO)
2.7. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.8. Particle Size, Zeta Potential, and Polydispersity Index
2.9. Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Free and Encapsulated EO
2.10. Clinopodium Nepeta (L.) Kuntze (CnEO) Detection
2.11. Encapsulation Efficiency (EE)
2.12. Physical Stability
2.13. Release Studies
2.14. Hemotoxicity Studies
2.15. Cytotoxic Activity of SLN/CnEO on Normal Lung WI-38 Fibroblasts
2.16. Evaluation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP)
2.17. Cell Death
2.18. Inhibition of Cell Migration
2.19. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Cytotoxic Activity of EO against Lung A549 and Colon HCT-116 Cells
3.2. Chemical Composition of EO
3.3. Synthesis of SLN/EO
3.4. Cytotoxic Activity of Free and Encapsulated LaDEO and CnEO
3.5. CnEO Encapsulation and Release and SLN/CnEO Stability
3.6. SLN/CnEO Biocompatibility
3.7. Anticancer Mechanisms of CnEO and SLN/CnEO
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) | KI a | Chemical Composition (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
LaDEO b | CnEO c | ||
Myrcene | 993 | 3.38 | - |
3-Octanol | 996 | - | 2.43 |
Limonene | 1036 | 25.23 | - |
cis-Sabinene hydrate | 1074 | - | 4.21 |
Linalool | 1106 | 1.33 | 1.25 |
Menthone | 1165 | - | 26.59 |
Isomenthone | 1178 | - | 11.71 |
Isomenthol | 1182 | - | 4.61 |
trans-Isopulegone | 1188 | - | 3.16 |
Terpinen-4-ol | 1188 | - | 2.41 |
Dihydrocarvone isomer 1 | 1217 | 29.64 | - |
Dihydrocarvone isomer 2 | 1225 | 23.81 | - |
Pulegone | 1255 | - | 37.22 |
Carvol | 1261 | 1.40 | - |
1-Cyclohexanone, 2-methyl-2-(3-methyl-2-oxobutyl) | 1299 | - | 1.15 |
β-Elemene, (-)- | 1405 | 1.27 | - |
β-Caryophyllene | 1439 | 2.13 | - |
IC50 (µL/L) | ||
---|---|---|
Formulation | A549 | HCT-116 |
SLN/LaDEO | 131 ± 8 | 122 ± 10 |
SLN/CnEO | 66 ± 5 | 134 ± 11 |
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Rodenak-Kladniew, B.; Castro, M.A.; Gambaro, R.C.; Girotti, J.; Cisneros, J.S.; Viña, S.; Padula, G.; Crespo, R.; Castro, G.R.; Gehring, S.; et al. Cytotoxic Screening and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Lippia alba and Clinopodium nepeta Essential Oils-Loaded Biocompatible Lipid Nanoparticles against Lung and Colon Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 2045. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082045
Rodenak-Kladniew B, Castro MA, Gambaro RC, Girotti J, Cisneros JS, Viña S, Padula G, Crespo R, Castro GR, Gehring S, et al. Cytotoxic Screening and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Lippia alba and Clinopodium nepeta Essential Oils-Loaded Biocompatible Lipid Nanoparticles against Lung and Colon Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(8):2045. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082045
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodenak-Kladniew, Boris, María Agustina Castro, Rocío Celeste Gambaro, Juan Girotti, José Sebastián Cisneros, Sonia Viña, Gisel Padula, Rosana Crespo, Guillermo Raúl Castro, Stephan Gehring, and et al. 2023. "Cytotoxic Screening and Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Lippia alba and Clinopodium nepeta Essential Oils-Loaded Biocompatible Lipid Nanoparticles against Lung and Colon Cancer Cells" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 8: 2045. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082045