Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs
Abstract
:1. Extracellular Vesicles: An Overview of Their Origin and Composition
1.1. EV Biogenesis
1.2. EVs Benefits: Their Journey to the Different Body Districts
1.3. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs): A Novel Drug Delivery System
1.4. Other Actors in Next Generation Drug Delivery Platforms: Taking a Glance
1.5. Different Extracellular Vesicle Preparations/Isolations and Characterization: An Overview
2. RBC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (RBCEVs): Biogenesis and Composition
2.1. RBCEVs Composition
2.2. RBCEVs Production under Physiological and Pathological Conditions
2.3. RBCEVs Production and Isolation for Therapeutic Purposes
Methods for Scaling up RBCEVs Yield
2.4. Methods for Cargo Loading in RBCEVs
2.5. Recent Development in Therapeutic Application of RBCEVs: From the Lab Side to the Industry Side
2.5.1. From the Lab Side
2.5.2. To the Industry Side
3. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EV Isolation Methods | ||
---|---|---|
Method | Pros | Cons |
Differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) | ||
Density gradient UC |
| |
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) |
| |
Immuno-capture | ||
Ultrafiltration (UF) | ||
Asymmetrial flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) |
Reference | EV Production Method | Cargo-Loading Method | Cargo | Application | In Vitro | Pre-Clinical | Clinical |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[196] | Chemical method, calcium chloride | Incubation under hypo-osmotic conditions | Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles | Magnetic resonance imaging | X | X | |
[182] | Chemical method, calcium ionophore | Post-loading method, electroporation | Antisense oligonucleotides, Cas9 mRNA, and guide RNAs | Cancer therapy | X | X | |
[185] | Physical method, extrusion | Post-loading method, incubation | Technetium-99m | In vivo imaging | X | ||
[197] | Physical method, extrusion | Pre-loading method, hemolysis and incubation | Camptothecin and amphiphilic fluorophore | Cancer therapy | X | X | |
[7] | Chemical method, calcium ionophore | Post-loading method, incubation | Doxorubicin | Cancer therapy | X | X | |
[194] | Chemical method, calcium ionophore | Post-loading method, transfection and electroporation | Rig-I agonists, small RNAs | Cancer therapy | X | X | |
[198] | Chemical method, calcium ionophore | Post-loading method, transfection | Antisense oligonucleotides, doxorubicin and sorafenib | Acute liver failure, cancer therapy | X | X | |
[199] | Isolation of naturally produced RBCEVs | Post-loading method, incubation | Antimalarial drug, atovaquone and tafenoquine | Anti-malarial treatment | X | ||
[200] | Chemical method, calcium ionophore | Post-loading method, transfection | Peptide, Antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA | Cancer therapy | X | X |
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Biagiotti, S.; Abbas, F.; Montanari, M.; Barattini, C.; Rossi, L.; Magnani, M.; Papa, S.; Canonico, B. Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365
Biagiotti S, Abbas F, Montanari M, Barattini C, Rossi L, Magnani M, Papa S, Canonico B. Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(2):365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiagiotti, Sara, Faiza Abbas, Mariele Montanari, Chiara Barattini, Luigia Rossi, Mauro Magnani, Stefano Papa, and Barbara Canonico. 2023. "Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2: 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365
APA StyleBiagiotti, S., Abbas, F., Montanari, M., Barattini, C., Rossi, L., Magnani, M., Papa, S., & Canonico, B. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles as New Players in Drug Delivery: A Focus on Red Blood Cells-Derived EVs. Pharmaceutics, 15(2), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020365