Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions
Abstract
:1. Lysosomal Target of Nanoparticles (NPs) and Modulation of NPs for Lysosomal Function
1.1. pH Alteration
1.2. Cell Viability
1.3. Protein Activity and Expression
1.4. Accumulation of NPs
2. Regulation of Lysosomal pH and Its Physiological Function
3. Lysosome-Associated Ion Channels for Lysosomal Function
3.1. CLC
3.2. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR)
3.3. TRPs
3.3.1. TRPM2
3.3.2. TRPMLs
3.4. TMEM175
3.5. Other Ca2+ Channels
3.5.1. Two Pore Channels (TPCs)
3.5.2. P2X4
4. NP-Induced Proton Sponge Effect through Ion Channels in the Tumor System
5. Clinical Application and Limitation of Nanomaterials
6. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Channels | Mechanisms and Related Diseases | Ref. |
---|---|---|
CLC-3 | Promotion of lysosomal acidification | [72,73] |
CLC-6 | LSD in CLC-6 mutated neuronal cells | [74] |
CLC-7 | Maintenance of acidic pH of lysosomes | [75,76] |
Decrease of dentinogenesis and dental bone formation in CLC-7 deficient mice | [77,78] | |
Degradation of fAβ which drives AD | [79,80] | |
Osteopetrosis in CLC-7 mutation | [81,82,83,84] | |
LSD and neurodegeneration in CLC-7-deficient mice | [64,82] | |
CFTR | Support lysosomal acidification | [85] |
Decrease of bacteria killing function and phago-lysosomal fusion in macrophage | [86] | |
TRPM2 | Induce DC maturation and migration | [87] |
Increase of actin remodeling | [88] | |
Increase of pancreatic β cell apoptosis | [89] | |
Increase LMP, NLRP3 inflammasome, and mitochondrial fission on the plasma membrane | [90,91] | |
TRPML1 | Maintenance of acidic pH of lysosomes | [92] |
Increase of large particle phagocytosis, bone remodeling, gastric acid secretion, and myocytes apoptosis | [93,94,95,96] | |
Stomach hypertrophy, hypergastrinemia, LSD, mucolipidosis, NPC, and AD in TRPML1 deficiency | [93,97,98,99,100,101,102,103] | |
TMEM175 | Support lysosomal Ca2+ signaling and pH regulation | [104] |
Related in LSD | [105] | |
TPC | Related in autophagy, cancer cell migration, and cellular pigmentation | [106,107,108] |
Related in Parkinson’s disease | [109,110] | |
P2X4 | Promotion of endo-lysosomal fusion | [111,112] |
Related in liver fibrogenesis | [113] |
Related Cellular Function | NPs | Details | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
pH alteration (alkalization of lysosome) | AuNPs | Increase of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and decrease cell migration/invasion | [11] |
Accumulation of LC3 and block p62 degradation | [12] | ||
AgNPs | Decrease of TFEB protein expression | [13] | |
REONPs | Activation of IL-1β inflammasome | [14] | |
Cell viability (cell death) | PNPs | Decrease of autophagic flux | [32] |
Decrease of cathepsin release | [34] | ||
SiO2 NPs | Increase of membrane damage and NLRP inflammasome | [35,44] | |
TiO2 NPs | Increase of membrane damage | [36] | |
Gd2O3 NPs | Increase of membrane damage and necrosis | [37] | |
Protein activity and expression | AgNPs | Decrease of lysosomal protease activities | [41] |
REONPs | Induce lysosomal imbalance by inhibiting mTORC1 pathway | [43] | |
ZnO NPs | Increase of macrophage cell death by inhibiting mTORC1 pathway | [42] | |
Deglycosylation of LAMP-2 | [44] | ||
Carbon nanotube | Decrease of SNAP | [50] | |
Accumulation of NPs | CuO NPs | Subsequent cellular damage leading to cell death by agglomeration of lysosomes | [55,56] |
SiO2 NPs, PNPs | Induce lysosomal swelling leading to apoptosis | [57,58] |
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Lee, D.; Hong, J.H. Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217
Lee D, Hong JH. Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions. Pharmaceutics. 2020; 12(3):217. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Dongun, and Jeong Hee Hong. 2020. "Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions" Pharmaceutics 12, no. 3: 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217
APA StyleLee, D., & Hong, J. H. (2020). Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions. Pharmaceutics, 12(3), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217