Perspective on Global Measles Epidemiology and Control and the Role of Novel Vaccination Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. MeV Infection and Pathogenesis
3. Epidemiology
4. Surveillance
5. Measles Vaccine
6. Novel Vaccination Strategies
7. Global Control and Prospects of Eradication
Acknowledgments
Data Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccine Formulation | Study Population | Immune Response b | Vaccine Virus Strain | Comments | Study Year c | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aerosol | 4–6 month old infants First dose | Seroconversion d (↓) | Edmonston-Zagreb (Institute of Immunology, Zagreb) Schwarz (Smith-Kline-RIT) | Administered aerosol exposure for 10 s. Aerosol dose given at 10× SQ f dose with an assumed 10% delivery. Less than 50% seroconversion in SQ. | 1987 | [96] |
Aerosol | 4–6 month old infants First dose | Seroconversion (~) | Edmonston-Zagreb (Institute of Immunology, Zagreb) | Longer exposure time higher Ab g. PRN titers lower than older infants in all groups. | 1984 | [90] |
Aerosol | 9 month old infants First dose | Seroconversion seroprotection e and T cell response (↓) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Lower dose administered in aerosol group. | 2006 | [97] |
Aerosol | 9 month old infants First dose | Seroconversion, seroprotection and T cell response (~) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Exposure time increased to 2.5 min. IFN-γ production equivalent. | 2011 | [85] |
Aerosol | 9–11.9 month old infants First dose | Seroprotection and seroconversion (↓) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Administered aerosol exposure 30 s. Difference of 9.4% did not meet non-inferiority (5%) criteria. | 2015 | [87] |
Aerosol | 12 month old infants First dose | Seroconversion, seroprotection and T cell response (↓) | Edmonston-Zagreb (Mexican National Institute of Virology) | Lower dose administered in aerosol group. All children boosted at 15 months SQ. IFN-γ production equivalent. | 2004 | [98] |
Aerosol | 5–6 year old children | Seroconversion and Seroprotection (↑) | Edmonston-Zagreb (Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute) | Booster dose. MR used. | 2002 | [92] |
Aerosol | 6–7 year old children | Seroconversion and Seroprotection (↑) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) Attenuvax (Merk MMRII) | Aerosol delivery for 30 s sufficient for boosting response in school age children. MMR vaccine used. | 2014 | [86] |
Aerosol | 6–8 year old children | Seroconversion (↑) | Edmonston-Zagreb (Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute) | Aerosol delivery for 30 s M and MR vaccines used. Better boosting of Ab response in aerosol groups at all titers even “low dose” 1000 pfu. | 2002 | [91] |
Aerosol | 5–14 year old children | Seroconversion (↑) with Edmonston-Zagreb Seroconversion (↓) with Schwarz | Schwarz Edmonston-Zagreb (SmithKline Beecham) | Administered aerosol exposure 30 s. Schwarz vaccine shown to lose potency following 2 min nebulization. Aerosol delivery boosted response in school aged children. | 2000 | [88] |
Aerosol | 2 year follow up previous study | Seroconversion Maintenance (↑) with Edmonston-Zagreb | 86% of children from initial study included; 6% titers below seropositive cutoff compared to 13%–19% SQ. | 2000 | [99] | |
Aerosol | 6 year follow up previous study | Ab titers and proportion seroprotected (↑) | 70% of children from initial study included. | 2007 | [89] | |
Dry powder | Cynomolgus macaques | Ab response (↓) Upon challenge secondary response peaked earlier | Edmonston-Zagreb (Birmex or Berna) | Iron tracer study demonstrated most of dose did not reach deep lung. | 2007 | [93] |
Dry powder | Rhesus macaques | Ab response (~) T cell response (↑) Protection from challenge Memory response | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Puffhaler® and BD Solovent® administration comparable Smaller particle size dry powder. | 2011 | [94] |
Dry powder | 18–45 year old seropositive males | Ab response (~) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Administration by Puffhaler® and BD Solovent® devices was well-tolerated, no adverse events reported. Baseline titer high, seroconversion only detectable in 20%–30% individuals. | 2014 | [95] |
Microneedle | Rhesus macaques | Ab titer (~) | Edmonston-Zagreb (SII) | Increased stabilization. No site specific reactions noted. | 2015 | [100] |
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Coughlin, M.M.; Beck, A.S.; Bankamp, B.; Rota, P.A. Perspective on Global Measles Epidemiology and Control and the Role of Novel Vaccination Strategies. Viruses 2017, 9, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9010011
Coughlin MM, Beck AS, Bankamp B, Rota PA. Perspective on Global Measles Epidemiology and Control and the Role of Novel Vaccination Strategies. Viruses. 2017; 9(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9010011
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoughlin, Melissa M., Andrew S. Beck, Bettina Bankamp, and Paul A. Rota. 2017. "Perspective on Global Measles Epidemiology and Control and the Role of Novel Vaccination Strategies" Viruses 9, no. 1: 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9010011