SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Active Surveillance
3.2. Passive Surveillance
3.3. Seropositive Cases Identified Previously
3.4. Case Series
3.4.1. Case One: Acute Pyrexia
3.4.2. Case Two: Sudden Death
3.4.3. Case Three: Anorexia
3.4.4. Case Four: Respiratory Distress and Renal Disease
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Supplementary Methods
Appendix A.1. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR
Appendix A.1.1. Reagents
Appendix A.1.2. Primer/Probe Sequences
Temp (°C) | Time | Cycles |
---|---|---|
55 | 10 min | 1 |
95 | 1 min | 1 |
95 | 10 s | 45 |
58 | 1 min |
Appendix A.2. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Full Genome Sequencing
Appendix A.2.1. Cats 1A, 2A and Y
Appendix A.2.2. Cat X
Appendix A.3. Phylogenetic and Mutation Analysis of Cat Sequences
Appendix B. Supplementary Information
Swab | N1 Assay Ct | N2 Assay Ct |
---|---|---|
Nasal | 18 | 17.1 |
Oral | Undet. | Undet. |
Tracheal | 18.9 | 18.1 |
Rectal | Undet. | 37.5 |
Cat X (Delta AY.4.2.1) | Cat 2A (Delta AY.4) | Cat 1A (Alpha B.1.1.7) |
---|---|---|
T19R | T19R | |
V36F | ||
T95I | T95I | |
I68I | ||
H69del | ||
V70del | ||
G142D | G142D | |
Y144del | ||
Y145H | ||
E156del | E156del | |
F157del | F157del | |
R158G | R158G | |
A222V | ||
L452R | L452R | |
T478K | T478K | |
N501Y | ||
A570D | ||
D614G | D614G | D614G |
P681R | P681R | |
P681H | ||
T716I | ||
L821L | ||
D950N | D950N | |
S982A | ||
D1118H | ||
L1141F |
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Animal ID | Household Case | Sampling Date | Clinical Signs | Surveillance Method | RT-qPCR | Serology (PVNT) | Viral Sequence | Highest titre | GISAID Accession Number |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cat 1A | 1 | Feb-21 | Pyrexia | Passive | + | + | Alpha | Alpha | EPI_ISL_17971924 |
Cat 1B | 1 | May-21 | None, same household as Cat 1A | Passive | Not done | + | Alpha | ||
Cat Y | Sep-21 | Mild respiratory | Passive | + | Not done | Incomplete | |||
Cat 2A | 2 | Oct-21 | Mild respiratory then sudden death | Passive | + | Not done | Delta AY.4 | EPI_ISL_17971926 | |
Cat 2B | 2 | Nov-21 | Mild respiratory, lip licking, same household as Cat 2A | Passive | Not done | + | Delta | ||
Cat X | Dec-21 | Mild respiratory | Active | + | Not done | Delta AY.4.2.1 | EPI_ISL_17971927 | ||
Cat 3A | 3 | Dec-21 | Mild respiratory, prolonged hyporexia | Passive | Not done | + | Delta | ||
Cat 4A | 4 | Sep-22 | Severe respiratory | Passive | - | + | Omicron |
Drug | Trade Name | Route of Administration | Dose | Dosing Interval | Days of Hospitalisation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maropitant | Vetemex (Virbac, Bury St Edmunds, UK) | Intravenous/subcutaneous | 1 mg/kg | 24h | 1 to 5 |
Metoclopramide | Vomend (Dechra, Northwich, UK) | Subcutaneous | 0.5 mg/kg | 12h | 5 to 7 and post-discharge |
Omeprazole | Intravenous | 1 mg/kg | 12h | 1 and 2 | |
Mirtazapine | Oral | 1.9–3.8 mg | 48h | Throughout | |
Vitamin B | Subcutaneous | 0.02 mg/kg | Once | 2 | |
Buprenorphine | Intravenous/subcutaneous/oral | 0.01–0.02 mg/kg | 6–8 h | 2, 3, 5, 6 and post-discharge | |
Meloxicam | Loxicam (Norbrook, Newry, UK) | Subcutaneous | 0.1 mg/kg | Once | 5 |
Amoxycillin-clavulanate | Synulox (Zoetis, Leatherhead, UK) | Oral | 100 mg | 12h | Post-discharge (for 5 days) |
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Jones, S.; Tyson, G.B.; Orton, R.J.; Smollett, K.; Manna, F.; Kwok, K.; Suárez, N.M.; Logan, N.; McDonald, M.; Bowie, A.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports. Viruses 2023, 15, 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081769
Jones S, Tyson GB, Orton RJ, Smollett K, Manna F, Kwok K, Suárez NM, Logan N, McDonald M, Bowie A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports. Viruses. 2023; 15(8):1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081769
Chicago/Turabian StyleJones, Sarah, Grace B. Tyson, Richard J. Orton, Katherine Smollett, Federica Manna, Kirsty Kwok, Nicolás M. Suárez, Nicola Logan, Michael McDonald, Andrea Bowie, and et al. 2023. "SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports" Viruses 15, no. 8: 1769. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081769