According to the 2018 FAO report on aquaculture, there are 598 species of finfish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other organisms used in aquafarming around the world. Thus, the number of viruses potentially infecting these species is huge [1].
The overall economic impact due to virus infections in aquaculture can amount to a loss of up to 20% of biomass in a production cycle [2,3]. Aquaculture virology, therefore, remains a hot topic—a view apparently not shared by major institutions in the field.
Aquatic viruses drift through the water passively, and their chance of hitting something in which to amplify is very low. Therefore, not surprisingly und unlike terrestrial viruses, aquatic viruses are very promiscuous, with a huge host range. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), for example, is replicated in about 50 finfish species. A penned-in finfish shoal in a cage is an ideal situation for an aquatic virus. Once the infection establishes a hold, the basic reproduction number (R0) of the virus infection amongst the fish in the cage easily shoots beyond the threshold where only the host number can limit the R0.
The aim of this Special Issue was to collect peer-reviewed reports, perspectives, reviews, and research articles focusing on recent advances in the study of known and emerging aquaculture viruses.
The papers submitted reflect the diversity of aquaculture across freshwater and seawater. In keeping with the biggest output of 60% of total worldwide aquaculture production [1,4] a third of the papers present work from China presenting evidence on newly characterized viruses. Our call also attracted papers on WSSV, a major issue for shrimp production looking at local evolution in the wild and in aquaculture as well as some thorough work on shrimp miRNA responses to WSSV infection. A couple of papers are looking at aspects of the evolution of known (rhabdoviruses in trout, IPNV in salmon) and new viruses (reoviruses in carp, mimivirus in sturgeon) in finfish. We are convinced the assembled publications should provide interesting reading for the aquaculture virology community.
References
- FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018—Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals; Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Mishra, S.; Das, R.; Swain, P. Status of Fish Diseases in Aquaculture and assessment of economic loss due to disease. In Contemporary Trends in Fisheries and Aquaculture; Today & Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers: New Delhi, India, 2019; pp. 183–198. [Google Scholar]
- Brummett, R.E.; Alvial, A.; Kibenge, F.; Forster, J.; Burgos, J.M.; Ibarra, R.; St-Hilaire, S.; Chamberlain, G.C.; Lightner, D.V.; Khoa, L.V.; et al. Reducing Disease Risk in Aquaculture; World Bank Report NUMBER 88257-GL; The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2014.
- Newton, R.; Zhang, W.; Xian, Z.; McAdam, B.; Little, D.C. Intensification, regulation and diversification: The changing face of inland aquaculture in China. Ambio 2021, 50, 1739–1756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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