DDX21, a Host Restriction Factor of FMDV IRES-Dependent Translation and Replication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Lines, Viruses, and Plasmid Constructs
2.2. Antibodies and Reagents
2.3. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.4. Knockdown and Overexpression
2.5. TCID50
2.6. Western Blot
2.7. Dual-Luciferase Assay
2.8. In Vitro Transcription
2.9. RNA Pulldown Assay
2.10. Nuclear Cytosol Fractionation Assay
2.11. Confocal Microscopy
2.12. Virus Infection
2.13. Proteasome, Lysosome, and Caspase Inhibitor Assays
2.14. RNA Immunoprecipitation and RTPCR
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. DDX21 Co-Precipitates with the FMDV IRES
3.2. DDX21 Pulldown with the FMDV IRES Regions
3.3. DDX21 Negatively Regulates FMDV Replication
3.4. DDX21 Negatively Regulates FMDV, CSFV, and SVV IRES-Dependent Translation
3.5. DDX21 Translocates to the Cytoplasm during FMDV Infection
3.6. FMDV Infection Causes Degradation of the DDX21 Protein
3.7. FMDV 2B, 2C, and 3Cpro Decrease DDX21 Protein Levels, and 3Cpro Catalytic Triad Active Site Residues Are Required for DDX21 Degradation
3.8. DDX21 Does Not Interact with FMDV 2B, 2C, and 3Cpro
3.9. Lysosomal and Caspase Pathway-Dependent Degradation of DDX21
3.10. DDX21 Positively Regulates IFN-β and IL-8 Production
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abdullah, S.W.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Bai, M.; Guan, J.; Liu, X.; Sun, S.; Guo, H. DDX21, a Host Restriction Factor of FMDV IRES-Dependent Translation and Replication. Viruses 2021, 13, 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091765
Abdullah SW, Wu J, Zhang Y, Bai M, Guan J, Liu X, Sun S, Guo H. DDX21, a Host Restriction Factor of FMDV IRES-Dependent Translation and Replication. Viruses. 2021; 13(9):1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091765
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah, Sahibzada Waheed, Jin’en Wu, Yun Zhang, Manyuan Bai, Junyong Guan, Xiangtao Liu, Shiqi Sun, and Huichen Guo. 2021. "DDX21, a Host Restriction Factor of FMDV IRES-Dependent Translation and Replication" Viruses 13, no. 9: 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13091765