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Volume 13
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10.3390/v13081509
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Review

Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses

by
Evan P. Williams
1,
Briana M. Spruill-Harrell
1,
Mariah K. Taylor
1,
Jasper Lee
1,
Ashley V. Nywening
2,
Zemin Yang
3,
Jacob H. Nichols
1,
Jeremy V. Camp
4,
Robert D. Owen
5,6 and
Colleen B. Jonsson
1,*
1
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
2
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
3
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude’s Children’s Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
4
Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
5
Centro para el Desarrollo de Investigaciones Científicas, Asunción C.P. 1371, Paraguay
6
Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2021, 13(8), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509
Submission received: 14 April 2021 / Revised: 22 July 2021 / Accepted: 28 July 2021 / Published: 31 July 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Consequence Viral Transmission)
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Abstract

Rodents (order Rodentia), followed by bats (order Chiroptera), comprise the largest percentage of living mammals on earth. Thus, it is not surprising that these two orders account for many of the reservoirs of the zoonotic RNA viruses discovered to date. The spillover of these viruses from wildlife to human do not typically result in pandemics but rather geographically confined outbreaks of human infection and disease. While limited geographically, these viruses cause thousands of cases of human disease each year. In this review, we focus on three questions regarding zoonotic viruses that originate in bats and rodents. First, what biological strategies have evolved that allow RNA viruses to reside in bats and rodents? Second, what are the environmental and ecological causes that drive viral spillover? Third, how does virus spillover occur from bats and rodents to humans?
Keywords: spillover; zoonosis; RNA viruses; bats; rodents; outbreak; reservoir spillover; zoonosis; RNA viruses; bats; rodents; outbreak; reservoir

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MDPI and ACS Style

Williams, E.P.; Spruill-Harrell, B.M.; Taylor, M.K.; Lee, J.; Nywening, A.V.; Yang, Z.; Nichols, J.H.; Camp, J.V.; Owen, R.D.; Jonsson, C.B. Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021, 13, 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509

AMA Style

Williams EP, Spruill-Harrell BM, Taylor MK, Lee J, Nywening AV, Yang Z, Nichols JH, Camp JV, Owen RD, Jonsson CB. Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses. 2021; 13(8):1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509

Chicago/Turabian Style

Williams, Evan P., Briana M. Spruill-Harrell, Mariah K. Taylor, Jasper Lee, Ashley V. Nywening, Zemin Yang, Jacob H. Nichols, Jeremy V. Camp, Robert D. Owen, and Colleen B. Jonsson. 2021. "Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses" Viruses 13, no. 8: 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509

APA Style

Williams, E. P., Spruill-Harrell, B. M., Taylor, M. K., Lee, J., Nywening, A. V., Yang, Z., Nichols, J. H., Camp, J. V., Owen, R. D., & Jonsson, C. B. (2021). Common Themes in Zoonotic Spillover and Disease Emergence: Lessons Learned from Bat- and Rodent-Borne RNA Viruses. Viruses, 13(8), 1509. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081509

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