Abstract
Waterfront wilderness landscapes in mountainous cities, such as Chongqing, play a vital role in sustaining urban biodiversity and human well-being amid steep topography and hydrological variations that create unique habitats. However, public recognition of their ecological values and potential ecological–aesthetic conflicts remain underexplored. This study investigated biodiversity features and public preferences in Chongqing’s central urban waterfront wilderness through field surveys of 218 quadrats for biodiversity assessment (e.g., Shannon–Wiener and Simpson indices, cluster analysis identifying 12 typical communities) and two questionnaire surveys (N = 260 and 306) evaluating spatial features and plant attributes, with correlation and regression analyses examining relationships between ecological indices and preference scores. Results recorded 116 plant species from 41 families, dominated by herbaceous plants (77.6%), with herbaceous, shrub-herbaceous, and tree-herbaceous communities prevalent. No significant correlations existed between objective diversity indices and preference scores; instead, structure (β = 0.444, p < 0.001) and color (β = 0.447, p < 0.001) drove preferences (explaining 96.7% variance), favoring accessible mid-successional shrub-herbaceous structures over dense, low-diversity evergreen types. These findings reveal ecological–aesthetic conflicts in mountainous settings where aesthetic dominance limits biodiversity recognition. Implications include user-centered zoning: restrict access in low-preference steep areas with buffers for conservation, while enhancing high-preference flat zones via selective pruning and native colorful species introduction, supplemented by educational signage. This research provides a mountainous city archetype, enriching global urban wilderness studies and informing sustainable management in rapidly urbanizing regions.