The Known, the Unknown, and the Expected: 130 Years of Research on Non-Lichenized Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data Sources and Methods
3. Outline of the History of Mycological Research in the Białowieża Primeval Forest
3.1. The Origins of Mycological Research—Late 19th to Early 20th Century
3.2. The Second Half of the 20th Century
3.3. The 21st Century and Genetic Advancements
FUNGI | 3221 |
---|---|
Ascomycota | 1245 |
Basidiobolomycota | 1 |
Basidiomycota | 1907 |
Blastocladiomycota | 4 |
Chytridiomycota | 8 |
Entomophthoromycota | 45 |
Mortierellomycota | 2 |
Mucoromycota | 7 |
Zoopagomycota | 2 |
CHROMISTA | 159 |
PROTOZOA | 124 |
Total | 3504 |
3.4. Mycological Research in Belarusian Part of the Białowieża Primeval Forest
4. The Known—A Synthesis
- Vascular plants—fungi were hosted by 473 species, which constitute almost 50% of the flora of the Polish part of BPF and over 60% of the national park flora. Particularly significant numbers of fungal species were found in association with some tree species: Carpinus betulus (139 fungal species), Quercus robur (112), Picea abies (90), Populus tremula L. (86), Alnus glutinosa (83), Tilia cordata (54), Betula pendula Roth (45), Fraxinus excelsior L. (30), and Betula pubescens Ehrh. (23).
- Cryptogamous plants—13 species (mosses, ferns, clubmosses, and horsetails) hosted 19 fungal species.
- Other plant substrates—wood (244 fungal species), bark (12), small twigs (130), dead stems of herbaceous plants (76), tree trunks (60), and boughs and branches (41).
- Invertebrates—270 species hosted 163 fungal species altogether (126 from Laboulbeniales and 37 from Entomophthorales).
- Soil—68 species were isolated.
- Water and plant remnants submerged in water—149 species were isolated from streams, rivers, and water bodies (permanent and periodic).
- Fungi—66 fungal species hosted 38 taxa of mycoparasites, including six species of hyperparasites.
5. Estimations of Potential Fungal Richness
6. Where to Look for Undiscovered and Undescribed Fungi?
6.1. Taxonomic Groups
6.2. Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitats
6.3. Diverse Substrates and Hosts
7. Limitations of the Data
8. Conclusions
- Considering the current knowledge of fungi and FLOs in BPF (3504 species), the number of ca. 5000 species (5:1 fungus: plant ratio) should be treated as a minimum number that can be found in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, even if only the existing, traditional research methods are maintained. However, based on the list of hosts, habitats, substrates, or taxonomic groups that have not been studied so far (or have been studied insufficiently), it is very likely that the number of species could exceed 8000 (8:1 fungus: plant ratio).
- The intensification of research, the use of molecular identification methods on a larger scale, and also conducting research well-prepared in terms of methodology (permanent research plots, interdisciplinary long-term research, and the extension of research to previously omitted types of habitats and plant communities) should result in finding much larger numbers of fungal and FLOs species, exceeding the values corresponding to proportion 1:10 (i.e., about 10,000–15,000 species).
- The expected numbers of fungal and FLOs species would be even greater if the estimates were corresponding to the biodiversity of the entire area of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, including its greater Belarusian part. Thus, the holistic approach and the future, joint Polish-Belarusian studies of funga in the entire complex of BPF are greatly needed.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sabatini, F.M.; Burrascano, S.; Keeton, W.S.; Levers, C.H.; Lindner, M.; Pötzschner, F.; Verkerk, P.J.; Bauhus, J.; Buchwald, E.; Chaskovsky, O.; et al. Where are Europe’s last primary forests? Divers. Distrib. 2018, 24, 1426–1439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Watson, J.E.M.; Evans, T.; Venter, O.; Williams, B.; Tulloch, A.; Stewart, C.; Thompson, I.; Ray, J.C.; Murray, K.; Salazar, A.; et al. The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2018, 2, 599–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ceccherini, G.; Duveiller, G.; Grassi, G.; Lemoine, G.; Valerio Avitabile, V.; Pilli, R.; Cescatti, A. Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015. Nature 2020, 583, 72–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Faliński, J.B. Vegetation Dynamics in Temperate Lowland Primeval Forests: Ecological Studies in Białowieża Forest; Dr. W. Junk Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Zimny, M.; Latałowa, M.; Pędziszewska, A. The Late-Holocene history of forests in the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park. In The Forests of the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park; Keczyński, A., Ed.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2017; pp. 29–59. [Google Scholar]
- Jaroszewicz, B.; Cholewińska, O.; Gutowski, J.M.; Samojlik, T.; Zimny, M.; Latałowa, M. Białowieża Forest—A Relic of the High Naturalness of European Forests. Forests 2019, 10, 849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Samojlik, T.; Fedotova, A.; Daszkiewicz, P.; Rotherham, I.D. Białowieża Primeval Forest: Nature and Culture in the Nineteenth Century; Springer Nature Switzerland AG: Cham, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chećko, E.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Olejniczak, K.; Kwiatkowska-Falińska, A. The importance of coarse woody debris for vascular plants in temperate mixed deciduous forests. Can. J. For. Res. 2015, 45, 1154–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Preikša, Ž.; Brazaitis, G.; Marozas, V.; Jaroszewicz, B. Dead wood quality influences diversity of rare cryptogams in temperate broadleaved forests of Eastern Europe. iForest-Biogeosciences For. 2015, 9, 276–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holec, J.; Běťák, J.; Dvořák, D.; Kříž, M.; Kuchaříková, M.; Krzyściak-Kosińska, R.; Kučera, T. Macrofungi on fallen oak trunks in the Białowieża Virgin Forest–Ecological role of trunk parameters and surrounding vegetation. Electronic supplement. Czech Mycol. 2019, 71, 65–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kujawa, A.; Orczewska, A.; Falkowski, M.; Blicharska, M.; Bohdan, A.; Buchholz, L.; Chylarecki, P.; Gutowski, J.M.; Latałowa, M.; Mysłajek, R.W.; et al. The Białowieża Forest–A UNESCO Natural Heritage Site–Protection priorities. Leśne Prace Badawcze 2016, 77, 302–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Parviainen, J. Virgin and natural forests in the temperate zone of Europe. For. Snow Landsc. Res. 2005, 79, 9–18. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, D.; Boberg, J.; Ihrmark, K.; Stenstrom, E.; Stenlid, J. Do foliar fungal communities of Norway spruce shift along a tree species diversity gradient in mature European forests? Fungal Ecol. 2016, 23, 97–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Finér, L.; Domisch, T.; Dawud, S.M.; Raulund-Rasmussen, K.; Vesterdal, L.; Bouriaud, O.; Bruelheide, H.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Selvi, F.; Valladares, F. Conifer proportion explains fine root biomass more than tree species diversity and site factors in major European forest types. For. Ecol. Manag. 2017, 406, 330–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maa, X.; Mahecha, M.D.; Migliavacca, M.; van der Plas, F.; Benavides, R.; Ratcliffe, S.; Kattge, J.; Richter, R.; Musavi, T.; Baeten, L.; et al. Inferring plant functional diversity from space: The potentials of Sentinel-2. Remote Sens. Environ. 2019, 233, 111368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łubek, A.; Kukwa, M.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Czortek, P. Identifying mechanisms shaping lichen functional diversity in a primeval forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2020, 475, 118–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pawlaczyk, P. Forest communities. In Białowieża National Park. Know It—Understand It—Protect It; Okołów, C., Karaś, M., Bołbot, A., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009; pp. 37–58. [Google Scholar]
- Kwiatkowska-Falińska, A.J.; Panufnik-Mędrzycka, D.; Wódkiewicz, M.; Sondej, I.; Jaroszewicz, B. Ancient forest species and the diversity of vegetation and seed bank indicate the aptitude of disturbed thermophilous oak wood patches for restoration. Pol. J. Ecol. 2013, 61, 65–80. [Google Scholar]
- Gutowski, J.; Bobiec, A.; Pawlaczyk, P.; Zub, K. Drugie Życie Drzewa The Second Life of the Tree; WWF Polska: Warszawa-Hajnówka, Poland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalski, T.; Sowa, J.; Łakomy, P. Mycobiota in trunks of dying spruce trees in the ‘Puszcza Białowieska’ Promotional Forest Complex and its ecological function. Sylwan 2019, 163, 496–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okołów, C. Protection History. In Białowieża National Park. Know It—Understand It—Protect It; Okołów, C., Karaś, M., Bołbot, A., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009; pp. 9–16. [Google Scholar]
- Okołów, C.; Karaś, M.; Bołbot, A. (Eds.) Białowieża National Park. Know It—Understand It—Protect It; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Keczyński, A. (Ed.) The Forest of the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park; Białowieski Park Nrodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Kwiatkowski, W. Krajobrazy roślinne Puszczy Białowieskiej (mapa w skali 1: 50,000 z tekstem objaśniającym) [Plant landscapes of the Białowieża Primeval Forest (map at a scale of 1: 50,000 with explanatory text)]. Phytocoen. Suppl. Cartogr. Geobot. 1994, 6, 35–87. [Google Scholar]
- Sokołowski, A.W. Lasy Puszczy Białowieskiej The Forests of the Białowieża Primeval Forest; Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych: Warszawa, Poland, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Karczewska, M.; Kucharski, L. (Eds.) The Non-Forest Land Ecosystems of Białowieża National Park; Białowieża National Park: Białowieża, Poland, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- EEA (European Environmental Agency). Biogeographical Regions in Europe. Available online: www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/biogeographical-regions-in-europe-2 (accessed on 30 March 2021).
- Nowakowska, J.A.; Hsiang, T.; Patynek, P.; Stereńczak, K.; Olejarski, I.; Oszako, T. Health Assessment and Genetic Structure of Monumental Norway Spruce Trees during a Bark Beetle (Ips typographus L.) Outbreak in the Białowieża Forest District, Poland. Forests 2020, 11, 647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brzeziecki, B. Long-Term Dynamics of Trees and Stands of the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park. In The Forests of the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park; Keczyński, A., Ed.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2017; pp. 93–125. [Google Scholar]
- Grzywacz, A.; Keczyński, A.; Szczepkowski, A.; Belak, K.; Drozdowski, S.; Bolibok, L.; Brzeziecki, B. Trees of monumental sizes in the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park. In The Forests of the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park; Keczyński, A., Ed.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2017; pp. 213–245. [Google Scholar]
- Hawksworth, D.L. The fungal dimension of biodiversity: Magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycol. Res. 1991, 95, 641–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zanne, A.; Abarenkov, K.; Afkhami, M.; Trigueros, A.C.; Bates, S.; Bhatnagar, J.; Busby, P.; Christian, N.; Cornwell, W.; Crowther, T.; et al. Fungal functional ecology: Bringing a trait-based approach to plant-associated fungi. Biol. Rev. 2019, 95, 409–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Y.; Li, X.; Kou, Y. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: Participation in Nutrient Turnover and Community Assembly Pattern in Forest Ecosystems. Forests 2020, 11, 453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watkinson, S.; Bebber, D.; Darrah, P.; Fricker, M.; Tlalka, M.; Boddy, L. The role of wood decay fungi in the carbon and nitrogen dynamics of the forest floor. In Fungi in Biogeochemical Cycles; Gadd, G.M., Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006; pp. 151–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Janusz, G.; Pawlik, A.; Sulej, J.; Świderska-Burek, U.; Jarosz-Wilkołazka, A.; Paszczyński, A. Lignin degradation: Microorganisms, enzymes involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2017, 41, 941–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kujawa, A. Larger fungi. In Białowieża National Park Know It—Understand It—Protect It; Okołów, C., Karaś, M., Bołbot, A., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009; pp. 87–110. [Google Scholar]
- Karasiński, D.; Kujawa, A.; Szczepkowski, A.; Wołkowycki, M. Operat ochrony grzybów. In Plan Ochrony Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego [Rules of Fungal Protection. Plan of Conservation of Nature in the Białowieża National Park]; Dyrekcja Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego: Białowieża, Poland, 2010; manuscript. [Google Scholar]
- Karasiński, D.; Wołkowycki, M. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of polypores (Agaricomycetes) of the Białowieża Forest (NE Poland). Pol. Bot. J. 2015, 60, 217–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karasiński, D. Puszczańskie Rarytasy [Forest Rarities]; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Kujawa, A.; Szczepkowski, A.; Gierczyk, B.; Ślusarczyk, T. How many fungal species grow in the Białowieża Forest? Exhibitions of fungi as a source of new data. Sylwan 2018, 162, 933–940. [Google Scholar]
- Kuhar, F.; Furci, G.; Drechsler-Santos, E.R.; Pfister, D.H. Delimitation of Funga as a valid term for the diversity of fungal communities: The Fauna, Flora & Funga proposal (FF&F). IMA Fungus 2018, 9, A71–A74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kozłowska, M.; Mułenko, W.; Anusiewicz, M.; Wołkowycki, M. Checklist of Microfungi and Larger Ascomycetes of Białowieża Forest; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press: Lublin, Poland, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Mikusiński, G.; Bubnicki, J.W.; Churski, M.; Czeszczewik, D.; Walankiewicz, W.; Kuijper, D.P.J. Is the impact of loggings in the last primeval lowland forest in Europe underestimated? The conservation issues of Białowieża Forest. Biol. Conserv. 2018, 227, 266–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cieśliński, S.; Czyżewska, K.; Faliński, J.B.; Klama, H.; Mułenko, W.; Żarnowiec, J. Relicts of the primeval (virgin) forest. Relict phenomena. Phytocenosis Arch. Geobot. 1996, 6, 197–216. [Google Scholar]
- Majewski, T. Distribution and ecology of Laboulbeniales in the Białowieża Forest. Phytocoenosis Suppl. Cartogr. Geobot. 2003, 16, 1–144. [Google Scholar]
- Łubek, A.; Kukwa, M.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Czortek, P. Changes in the epiphytic lichen biota of Białowieża Primeval Forest are not explained by climate warming. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 643, 468–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łubek, A.; Kukwa, M.; Czortek, P.; Jaroszewicz, B. Lichenicolous fungi are more specialized than their lichen hosts in primeval forest ecosystems, Białowieża Forest, northeast Poland. Fungal Ecol. 2019, 42, 100–866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cali, A.; Becnel, J.J.; Takvorian, P.M. Microsporidia. In Handbook of the Protists; Archibald, J., Simpson, A., Slamovits, C., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wadi, L.; Reinke, A.W. Evolution of microsporidia: An extremely successful group of eukaryotic intracellular parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2020, 16, e1008276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lipa, J.J. Nosema pyrrhocoridis n. sp., a new microsporidian parasite of red soldier bug (Pyrrhocoris apterus L.) (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). Acta Protozool. 1977, 16, 135–140. [Google Scholar]
- Wegensteiner, R.; Tkaczuk, C.; Bałazy, S.; Griesser, S.; Rouffaud, M.; Stradner, A.; Steinwender, B.; Hager, H.; Papierok, B. Occurrence of pathogens in populations of Ips typographus, Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and Hylobius spp. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae) from Austria, Poland and France. Acta Protozool. 2015, 54, 219–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faliński, J.B.; Mułenko, W. Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park. Check-list of cryptogamous and seminal plant species recorded during the period 1987–1991 on the permanent plot V-100 (Project CRYPTO [1]). Phytocoen. Arch. Geobot. 1992, 3, 1–48. [Google Scholar]
- Faliński, J.B.; Mułenko, W. Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park. General problems and taxonomic groups analysis (Project CRYPTO [2]). Phytocoenosis Arch. Geobot. 1992, 4, 1–176. [Google Scholar]
- Faliński, J.B.; Mułenko, W. Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park. Functional groups analysis and general synthesis (Project CRYPTO [3]). Phytocoenosis Arch. Geobot. 1996, 6, 1–224. [Google Scholar]
- Faliński, J.B.; Mułenko, W. Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park. Ecological atlas (project CRYPTO [4]). Phytocoenosis Suppl. Cartogr. Geobot. 1997, 7, 1–522. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, D.; Castagneyrol, B.; Bruelheide, H.; Bussotti, F.; Guyot, V.; Jactel, H.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Valladares, F.; Stenlid, J.; Boberg, J. Fungal disease incidence along tree diversity gradients depends on latitude in European forests. Ecol. Evol. 2016, 6, 2426–2438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nguyen, D.; Castagneyrol, B.; Bruelheide, H.; Bussotti, F.; Guyot, V.; Jactel, H.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Valladares, F.; Stenlid, J.; Boberg, J. Fungal Disease Incidence along Tree Diversity Gradients Depends on Latitude in European Forests. Ecol. Evol. 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Web of Science. Available online: www.webofknowledge.com (accessed on 23 February 2021).
- NCBI GenBank. Available online: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- UNITE. Available online: www.unite.ut.ee (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Silva. Available online: www.arb-silva.de (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- iBOL. Available online: www.boldsystems.org (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Agricultural Research Service. Available online: www.ars.usda.gov (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Fungal Genome Size Database. Available online: www.zbi.ee/fungal-genomesize (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Genomes OnLine Database. Available online: Gold.jgi.doe.gov (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- MycoCosm. Available online: www.mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov/mycocosm/home (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- FungiDB. Available online: www.fungidb.org/fungidb/app (accessed on 19 February 2021).
- Brincken, J. Mémoire Descriptif sur la Forét Impériale de Białowieża, en Lituanie [Descriptive Note about the Imperial Forest in Białowieża, Lithuania]; Glücksberg: Warsaw, Poland, 1826. [Google Scholar]
- Błoński, F. Fungi polonici novi New fungi from Poland. Hedwigia 1889, 28, 280–282. [Google Scholar]
- Błoński, F.; Drymmer, K. Spis roślin zarodnikowych zebranych lub zanotowanych w lecie w r. 1888 w puszczach: Białowieskiej, Świsłockiej i Ladzkiej [List of spore plants collected or recorded in the summer of 1888 in the Białowieska, Świsłocka and Ladzka forests. Pamiętnik Fiz. 1889, 9, 63–115. [Google Scholar]
- Błoński, F.; Drymmer, K.; Ejsmond, A. Sprawozdanie z wycieczki botanicznej odbytej do Puszczy Białowieskiej w lecie 1887 r. Report from a botanical trip to the Białowieża Forest in the summer of 1887. Pamiętnik Fiz. 1888, 8, 59–155. [Google Scholar]
- Jarocki, J. Śluzowce Puszczy Białowieskiej. Część I. Śluzowce Północnego Obszaru Chronionego [The slime moulds of the Białowieża Primeval Forest. Part I. Slime moulds of the Northern Protected Area]. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 1924, 2, 183–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Steinecke, F. Die Kryptogamen im Urwalde The cryptogams in the primeval forest. In Bialowies in Deutscher Verwaltung Białowieża under German Administration; Heft., G., IV, Escherich, G., Eds.; Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey: Berlin, Germany, 1918; pp. 251–272. [Google Scholar]
- Siemaszko, W. Fungi bialowiezenses exsiccati. Centuria prima. [Exsiccates of fungi from Białowieża. First hundred]. Acta Insitituti Phytopathol. Sch. Super. Agroculturae Vars. 1923, 2, 1–27. [Google Scholar]
- Siemaszko, W. Notatki grzyboznawczo-geograficzne Mycological and geographic science notes. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 1924, 2, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Siemaszko, W. Pleśń liściowa, Monilia foliicola Woronichin, w świetle spostrzeżeń i badań biologicznych The leaf-blight, Monilia foliicola Woronich, in the light of biological observations and investigations. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 1924, 2, 81–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Siemaszko, W. Fungi bialowiezenses exsiccati. Centuria secunda [Exsiccates of fungi from Białowieża. Second hundred]. Acta Insitituti Phytopathol. Sch. Super. Agroculturae Vars. 1925. [Google Scholar]
- Siemaszko, W. Zagadnienia zasięgów geograficznych chorób roślin uprawnych the problem of geographical distribution of the diseases of economic plants. Rocz. Nauk Ogrod. 1934, 1, 163–170. [Google Scholar]
- Siemaszko, J.; Siemaszko, W. Owadorosty polskie i palearktyczne Laboulbeniales of Poland and Palearctic. Pol. Pismo Entomol. 1927, 6, 188–211. [Google Scholar]
- Siemaszko, J.; Siemaszko, W. Owadorosty polskie i palearktyczne, III Laboulbeniales of Poland and Palearctic, III. Pol. Pismo Entomol. 1933, 12, 115–138. [Google Scholar]
- Karpiński, J.J. Materiały do bioekologii Puszczy Białowieskiej Materials for bioecology of the Białowieża Forest. Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa. Rozpr. Spraw. Ser. A 1949, 56, 1–212. [Google Scholar]
- Pachlewski, R.; Borowski, S. Decease of young linden trees in the National Park of Białowieża. Sylwan 1959, 8, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Truszkowska, W. Niektóre Pyrenomycetes zebrane w Puszczy Białowieskiej [Some pyrenomycetes collected from Białowieża virgin forest]. Monogr. Bot. 1959, 8, 191–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Truszkowska, W. Obserwacje Helminthosporium tiliae Fr. na podroście lipy (Tilia cordata) w Białowieskim Parku Narodowym [Observations of Helminthosporium tiliae Fr. on lime in the understory of forests of Białowieża]. Acta Mycol. 1965, 1, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Truszkowska, W. Niektóre Pyrenomycetes zebrane w Puszczy Białowieskiej. II Some pyrenomycetes collected from Białowieża virgin forest. II. Acta Mycol. 1965, 1, 105–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Truszkowska, W. Notatki mikologiczne z Pojezierza Augustowskiego i Białowieży Mycological notes about the Augustów lake district and Białowieża. Acta Mycol. 1967, 3, 201–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Truszkowska, W. Grzyby z rodzajów Pseudovalsa, Melanconis i Cryptospora występujące w Polsce Fungi of the genera Pseudovalsa, Melanconis and Cryptospora in Poland. Acta Mycol. 1976, 12, 91–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nespiak, A. The investigations on the character of the correlations between the higher fungi and wood associations in the National Park of Białowieża. Monogr. Bot. 1959, 8, 3–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Orłoś, H. Badania ekologiczne nad mikoflorą niektórych typów lasu w Białowieskim Parku Narodowym [Ecological investigations on mycoflora of some forest types in Białowieża National Park]. Pr. Inst. Badaw. Leśnictwa 1961, 229, 57–106. [Google Scholar]
- Skirgiełło, A. Compte-rendu du IV-eme Congres des Mycologues Européens. Warszawa 1966. Acta Mycol. 1968, 4, 243–249. [Google Scholar]
- Krzemieniewska, H. Spis śluzowców zebranych w latach 1955–1956 A list of Myxomycetes collected in the years 1955–1956. Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 1957, 26, 785–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Majewski, T. Parasitic fungi of the Białowieża National Park against the background of the mycoflora of Poland (Peronosporales, Erysiphaceae, Uredinales, Ustilaginales). Acta Mycol. 1971, 7, 299–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ruszkiewicz-Michalska, M. Phytoparasitic micromycetes in plant communities of the Wyżyna Częstochowska Upland. Monogr. Bot. 2006, 96, 1–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Majewski, T. The Laboulbeniales of Poland. Polish Botanical Studies; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences: Kraków, Poland, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Majewski, T. Atlas of the Geographical Distribution of Fungi in Poland; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences: Kraków, Poland, 2008; Volume 4. [Google Scholar]
- Majewski, T. Three new species of the Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycetes) from Poland. Pol. Bot. Stud. 1990, 1, 121–126. [Google Scholar]
- Majewski, T. The genus Siemaszkoa (Fungi, Laboulbeniales) in Poland. Pol. Bot. Stud. 1991, 2, 219–229. [Google Scholar]
- Braun, U. A Monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Genera (Phytopathogenic Hyphomycetes); IHW-Verlag: Eching bei München, Germany, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Mułenko, W. Gyoerffyella oxalidis–a new species of Hyphomycetes (Deuteromycetes) for the Polish fungal flora. Pol. Bot. Stud. 1993, 5, 79–81. [Google Scholar]
- Mułenko, W. Notes on some rare and unusual species of parasitic fungi collected from natural plant communities in Poland. Mycologist 1994, 8, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kozłowska, M. Rytmika Pojawów Sezonowych Grzybów Pasożytujących na Roślinach Naczyniowych w Grądzie (Tilio-Carpinetum) Rhythmics of Seasonal Appearances of Fungi Parasitizing on Vascular Plants in the Oak-Linden-Hornbeam Forest (Tilio-Carpinetum), Mscr. Ph.D. Thesis, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Mułenko, W.; Kozłowska, M. Dynamics of fungi against the background of host plant phenology. Part I. List of microfungi infecting Stellaria Holostea. Pol. Bot. J. 2010, 55, 417–440. [Google Scholar]
- Skirgiełło, A. Macromycetes of oak-hornbeam forests in the Białowieża National Park–monitoring studies. Acta Mycol. 1998, 33, 171–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ławrynowicz, M.; Lisiewska, M.; Skirgiełło, A.; Wojewoda, W. Monitoring mikologiczny w europejskich lasach dębowych Mycological monitoring in European oak forests. In Botanika w Dobie Biologii Molekularnej. Materiały Sesji i Sympozjów 52; Zjazdu Polskiego Towarzystwa Botanicznego: Poznań, Poland, 2001; p. 182. [Google Scholar]
- Jaroszewicz, B. Grzyby (Mycota) Puszczy Białowieskiej–gatunki zgromadzone na II Wystawie Grzybów Puszczy Białowieskiej [Fungi of the Białowieża Primeval Forest–species gathered for the II Exhibition of Mushrooms of the Białowieża Forest]. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 1996, 15, 47–53. [Google Scholar]
- Kujawa, A.; Ślusarczyk, T.; Domian, G.; Piskorski, S.; Kaczmarek, K.; Gęsiorska, A.; Gorczak, M. 25th Exhibition of Fungi of the Białowieża Forest. Materials for recognition of mycobiota of the Białowieża Primeval Forest. Przegląd Przyr. 2020, 31, 69–89. [Google Scholar]
- Sosnowska, D.; Bałazy, S.; Prishchepa, L.; Mikulskaya, N. Biodiversity of arthropod pathogens in the Białowieża Forest. J. Plant Prot. Res. 2004, 44, 313–321. [Google Scholar]
- Gierczyk, B.; Kujawa, A.; Pachlewski, T.; Szczepkowski, A.; Wójtowski, M. Rare species of the genus Coprinus Pers. s. lato. Acta Mycol. 2011, 46, 27–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gierczyk, B.; Kujawa, A.; Szczepkowski, A.; Chachuła, P. Rare species of Lepiota and related genera. Acta Mycol. 2011, 46, 137–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gierczyk, G.; Kujawa, A.; Szczepkowski, A. New to Poland species of the broadly defined genus Coprinus (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina). Acta Mycol. 2014, 49, 159–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gierczyk, G.; Kujawa, A.; Ślusarczyk, T. Pluteus albineus (Basidiomycota)–a new species for Poland. Pol. Bot. J. 2014, 59, 145–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szczepkowski, A.; Gierczyk, B.; Kujawa, A. Buglossoporus quercinus, a rare wood-inhabiting fungus on ancient oak trees in Poland: Ecology, distribution and extinction risk assessment. Balt. For. 2019, 25, 178–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kujawa, A.; Gierczyk, B.; Kozak, M.; Mleczko, P.; Ślusarczyk, T. Diversity of agaricoid, boletoid and hypogeous macrofungi in the Białowieża Forest–project concept and preliminary results. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Pol. 2017, 24, 119–131. [Google Scholar]
- Kujawa, A.; Gierczyk, B.; Szczepkowski, A.; Karasiński, D.; Wołkowycki, M.; Wójtowski, M. Assessment of current threat level of species of the genus Geastrum in Poland. Acta Bot. Sil. 2012, 8, 5–42. [Google Scholar]
- Beker, H.J.; Eberhardt, U.; Vesterholt, J. Fungi Europaei 14. Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm; Edizioni Tecnografica: Lomazzo, Italy, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Kałucka, I.L.; Jagodziński, A.M.; Nowiński, M. Biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in surface mine spoil restoration stands in Poland–first time recorded, rare, and red-listed species. Acta Mycol. 2016, 51, 1080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pawłowska, J.; Frąc, M.; Kałucka, I.; Ruszkiewicz-Michalska, M.; Różalska, S.; Wrzosek, M. The XVIII Congress of European Mycologists: Conference Report. Acta Mycol. 2020, 55, 55214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorczak, M.; Siedlecki, I.; Błocka, Z.; Cullen, M.; Daniele, I.; Fox, H.; Harder, C.; Kinnunen, J.; Kochanowski, M.; Krisai-Greilhuber, I.; et al. 18th Congress of European Mycologists Bioblitz 2019–Naturalists contribute to the mycobiota of Białowieża Primeval Forest. Acta Mycol. 2020, 55, 55211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miettinen, O.; Spirin, V.; Niemelä, T. Notes on the genus Aporpium (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota), with a new species from temperate Europe. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2012, 49, 359–368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niemelä, T.; Miettinen, O.; Manninen, O. Aurantiporus priscus (Basidiomycota), a new polypore from old fallen conifer trees. Ann. Bot. Fenn. 2012, 49, 201–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eberhardt, U.; Beker, H.J.; Vesterholt, J. Decrypting the Hebeloma crustuliniforme complex: European species of Hebeloma section Denudata subsection Denudata (Agaricales). Persoonia 2015, 5, 101–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Crous, P.W.; Wingfield, M.J.; Choo, Y.-H.; Gilchrist, C.; Lacey, E.; Pitt, J.I. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1042–1111. Persoonia 2020, 44, 408–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leski, T.; Wilgan, R.; Pietras, M.; Karliński, L.; Rudawska, M. Podziemny świat grzybów ektomykoryzowych [The underground world of ectomycorrhizal fungi]. Las Pol. 2019, 24, 20–21. [Google Scholar]
- Wilgan, R.; Leski, T.; Rudawska, M.; Pietras, M.; Karliński, L. Hidden diversity in Białowieża Forest–new species of fungi in Białowieża revealed by molecular analyses of mycorrhizae and sporocarps. In Proceedings of the MycoRise Up! Młodzi w Mykologii. Ogólnopolska Konferencja Studentów i Doktorantów. Książka Abstraktów MycoRiseUp! The Youth in Mycology, National Mycological Conference for Students and PhD Students. Book of Abstracts. Polish Mycological Society, Łódź, Poland, 12–13 April 2019; pp. 75–76. [Google Scholar]
- Olchowik, J.; Hilszczańska, D.; Bzdyk, R.M.; Studnicki, M.; Malewski, T.; Borowski, Z. Effect of deadwood on ectomycorrhizal colonisation of old-growth oak forests. Forests 2019, 10, 480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wojewoda, W.; Ławrynowicz, M. Red list of the macrofungi in Poland. In Red List of Plants and Fungi in Poland; Mirek, Z., Zarzycki, K., Wojewoda, W., Szeląg, Z., Eds.; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences: Kraków, Poland, 2006; pp. 53–70. [Google Scholar]
- Holec, J.; Kunca, V.; Šerčíková, H.; Dima, B.; Kříž, M.; Kučera, T. Pluteus fenzlii (Agaricales, Pluteaceae)–taxonomy, ecology and distribution of a rare and iconic species. Sydowia 2018, 70, 11–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korhonen, A.; Seelan, J.S.S.; Miettinen, O. Cryptic species diversity in polypores: The Skeletocutis nivea species complex. MycoKeys 2018, 36, 45–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miettinen, O.; Vlasák, J.; Rivoire, B.; Spirin, V. Postia caesia complex (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in temperate Northern Hemisphere. Fungal Syst. Evol. 2018, 1, 101–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holec, J.; Kunca, V.; Kolařík, M. Tricholomopsis badinensis sp. nov. and T. sulphureoides–two rare fungi of European old-growth forests. Mycol. Prog. 2019, 18, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malicki, B.; Wrzosek, M.; Pawłowska, J.; Gorczak, M.; Decewicz, P.; Jaroszewicz, B.; Cholewińska, O. The diversity of dead wood, or mycocenosis of spruce wood in the Białowieża Forest. In Proceedings of the MycoRise Up! Młodzi w Mykologii. Ogólnopolska Konferencja Studentów i Doktorantów. Książka Abstraktów MycoRiseUp! The Youth in Mycology, National Mycological Conference for Students and PhD Students. Book of Abstracts. Polish Mycological Society, Łódź, Poland, 12–13 April 2019; pp. 39–40. [Google Scholar]
- Wrzosek, M.; Pawłowska, J.; Malicki, B.; Decewicz, P.; Chećko, E.; Cholewińska, O.; Jaroszewicz, B. Diversity in buried wood-each running metre matters? In Proceedings of the Abstract Book, XVIIII Congress of European Mycologists, Warsaw-Białowieża, Poland, 16–21 September 2019; p. 210. [Google Scholar]
- Jaroszewicz, B.; Cholewińska, O.; Chećko, E.; Wrzosek, M. Predictors of diversity of deadwood-dwelling macrofungi in a European natural forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 2021, 490, 119123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zapora, E.; Wołkowycki, M.; Bakier, S.; Zjawiony, J.K. Phellinus igniarius: A pharmacologically active polypore mushroom. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2016, 11, 1043–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zapora, E.; Wołkowycki, M. Grzyby medyczne Puszczy Białowieskiej Medical fungi of the Białowieża Forest. In Proceedings of the VI Konferencja Związki Biologicznie Czynne: Aktywność, Struktura, Synteza, Białystok, Poland, 27–29 June 2019; p. 13. [Google Scholar]
- Sadowska, A.; Zapora, E.; Sawicka, D.; Niemirowicz-Laskowska, K.; Surażyński, A.; Sułkowska-Ziaja, K.; Kała, K.; Stocki, M.; Wołkowycki, M.; Bakier, S.; et al. Heterobasidion annosum induces apoptosis in DLD-1 cells and decreases colon cancer growth in in vivo model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 3447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kiziewicz, B. Zoosporic microorganisms isolated from Dermacentor reticulatus F. ticks found in surface waters of the Bialowieza National Park. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2005, 14, 691–698. [Google Scholar]
- Kiziewicz, B. Water fungi and fungus-like organisms isolated from surface waters situated in the Białowieża Primeval Forest using the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica L. of European Bison bonasus L. as bait. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2006, 15, 277–281. [Google Scholar]
- Orłowska, M.; Kulikowska-Karpińska, E.; Ostrowska, H. Aquatic Hyphomycetes in the Narewka river. Ochr. Środowiska Zasobów Nat. 2009, 40, 525–532. [Google Scholar]
- Orłowska, M.; Krzyściak-Kosińska, R.; Chomutowska, H.; Ostrowska, H. Oomycota in selected reservoirs in the Białowieski National Park. Ochr. Środowiska Zasobów Nat. 2011, 49, 374–381. [Google Scholar]
- Orłowska, M.; Godlewska, A. Fungi and fungus-like organisms. In The Aquatic Ecosystems of Białowieża National Park; Krzyściak-Kosińska, R., Wilk-Woźniak, E., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2016; pp. 233–249. [Google Scholar]
- Orłowska, M.; Krzyściak-Kosińska, R. Diversity of fungus-like organisms and microfungi in various plant communities of Białowieża Forest. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 2017, 36, 3–16. [Google Scholar]
- Górniak, A.S.; Więcko, A.; Cudowski, A.; Pietryczuk, A. Biomasa grzybów wodnych w wodach rzek Polski Water fungi biomass in Polish rivers’ waters. In Zaopatrzenie w Wodę, Jakość i Ochrona Wód Water Supply and Water Quality; Dymaczewski, Z., Jeż-Walkowiak, J., Eds.; Polskie Zrzeszenie Inżynierów i Techników Sanitarnych Oddział Wielkopolski: Poznań, Poland, 2012; pp. 475–485. [Google Scholar]
- Drozdowicz, A. Myxomycetes of the Białowieża Forest; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Drozdowicz, A. Inwentaryzacja śluzowców (Myxogastria, Myxomycetes) na wyznaczonych powierzchniach badawczych w Puszczy Białowieskiej Inventory of (Myxogastria, Myxomycetes) at designated research plots in Białowieża Old Growth Forest. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 2017, 36, 3–33. [Google Scholar]
- Drozdowicz, A.; Ronikier, A.; Stojanowska, W.; Panek, E. Myxomycetes of Poland. A Checklist; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences: Kraków, Poland, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Vialle, A.; Feau, N.; Allaire, M.; Didukh, M.; Martin, F.; Moncalvo, J.M.; Hamelin, R.C. Evaluation of mitochondrial genes as DNA barcode for Basidiomycota. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 2009, 9, 99–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pažoutová, S.; Pešicová, K.; Chudíčková, M.; Šrůtka, P.; Kolařík, M. Delimitation of cryptic species inside Claviceps purpurea. Fungal Biol. 2015, 119, 7–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barbosa, R.N.; Leong, S.L.; Vinnere-Pettersson, O.; Chen, A.J.; Souza-Motta, C.M.; Frisvad, J.C.; Samson, R.A.; Oliveira, N.T.; Houbraken, J. Phylogenetic analysis of Monascus and new species from honey, pollen and nests of stingless bees. Stud. Mycol. 2017, 86, 29–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malewski, T.; Topor, T.; Nowakowska, J.A.; Oszako, T. Decline of Black Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. along the Narewka River in the Białowieża Forest District. For. Res. Pap. 2020, 81, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kujawa, A. Personal Communication; Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment of Polish Academy of Sciences: Poznań, Poland, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Kirisits, T. Fungi isolated from Picea abies infested by the bark beetle Ips typographus in the Białowieża forest in north-eastern Poland. For. Pathol. 2010, 40, 100–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grünig, C.R.; Queloz, V.; Sieber, T.N. Structure of diversity in dark septate endophytes: From species to genes. In Endophytes of Forest Trees: Biology and Applications; Pirttila, A.M., Frank, A.C., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Queloz, V.; Sieber, T.N.; Holdenrieder, O.; McDonald, B.A.; Grünig, C.R. No biogeographical pattern for a root-associated fungal species complex. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2011, 20, 160–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tkaczyk, M.; Nowakowska, J.A.; Oszako, T. Phytophthora species isolated from ash stands in Białowieża Forest nature reserve. For. Pathol. 2016, 46, 660–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- State Nature Protection Institution National Park. Available online: BelovezhskayaPushchanpbp.by/eng (accessed on 25 February 2021).
- Shabashova, T.; Yurchenko, E.; Belomesyatseval, D. Aphyllophoroid fungi of the Bialowieza Forest (Belarus). In Proceedings of the Abstract Book, XVIII Congress of European Mycologists, Warsaw-Białowieża, Poland, 16–21 September 2019; p. 217. [Google Scholar]
- Koriniak, S.I.; Lebedko, V.N. Pathogen fungi on species of Ranunculaceae family at the national parks in Belarus. Бoтаника (Исследoвания) Cбoрник научных трудoв Botany (Research) Collect. Sci. Pap. 2019, 48, 211–217. [Google Scholar]
- Koriniak, S.I. Coelomycetes are agents of plants diseases at the territory of National Park “Belovegskaja Puscha”. Бoтаника (Исследoвания): Cбoрник научных трудoв [Botany (Research) Collect. Sci. Pap.] 2017, 46, 174–183. [Google Scholar]
- Girilovich, I.S.; Gulis, V.I.; Hramtsov, А.К.; Poliksenova, V.D. Micromycetes of state national park of Republik Belarus “Belowezhskaya Pushcha”. II. Powdery mildew fungi. Микoлoгия и Фитoпатoлoгия [Mycol. Phytopathol.] 2005, 39, 24–30. [Google Scholar]
- Shabashova, T.G.; Koriniak, S.I.; Belamesyatseva, D.B. Herbophilic Micromycetes of oak forests of national park “Bielovezhskaya Pushcha”. Бoтаника (Исследoвания) Cбoрник научных трудoв [Botany (Research): Collect. Sci. Pap.] 2019, 48, 218–225. [Google Scholar]
- Wojewoda, W. Macrofungi. In Nature of the Tatra National Park. Tatry i Podtatrze 3; Mirek, Z., Ed.; Tatrzański Park Narodowy: Kraków-Zakopane, Poland, 1996; pp. 379–392. [Google Scholar]
- Kujawa, A.; Gierczyk, B.; Karasiński, D.; Szczepkowski, A.; Ślusarczyk, T. Grzyby Wielkoowocnikowe Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego. Przewodnik Terenowy Macrofungi of the Kampinos National Park. Field Guide; Kampinoski Park Narodowy: Izabelin, Poland, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Mułenko, W.; Holeksa, J. (Eds.) Grzyby Babiej Góry. In Fungi of the Babia Góra Mt; Monografie Babiogórskie. Babiogórski Park Narodowy: Wrocław-Zawoja, Poland, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Bujakiewicz, A.; Kujawa, A. Macrofungi in selected reserves of the Białowieża Forest. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 2010, 29, 3–26. [Google Scholar]
- Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed.; CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Cheek, M.; Lughadha, E.N.; Kirk, P.; Lindon, H.; Carretero, J.; Looney, B.; Douglas, B.; Haelewaters, D.; Gaya, E.; Llewellyn, T. New scientific discoveries: Plants and fungi. PlantsPeoplePlanet 2020, 2, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hawksworth, D.L. The magnitude of fungal diversity: The 1.5 million species estimate revisited. Mycol. Res. 2001, 105, 1422–1432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hawksworth, D.L.; Lücking, R. Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol. Spectr. 2017, 5, 79–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mrozińska, T. Aerophytic algae. In Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park. Check-list of cryptogamous and seminal plant species recorded during the period 1987–1991 on the permanent plot V-100 (Project CRYPTO [1]). Phytocoen. Arch. Geobot. 1992, 3, 45–47. [Google Scholar]
- Sokołowski, A.W. Flora roślin naczyniowych Puszczy Białowieskiej. In The Flora of Vascular Plants in the Białowieża Forest; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Sokołowski, A.W.; Wołkowycki, M. Uzupełnienie do flory Puszczy Białowieskiej Supplement to the flora of vascular plants of the Białowieża Forest. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 2000, 19, 71–75. [Google Scholar]
- Gutowski, J.M.; Jaroszewicz, B. (Eds.) Catalogue of the Fauna of Białowieża Primeval Forest; Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa: Warszawa, Poland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Adamowski, W. Vascular flora. Białowieża National Park. Know It—Understand It—Protect It; Okołów, C., Karaś, M., Bołbot, A., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009; pp. 59–72. [Google Scholar]
- Cieśliński, S. Lichens. In Białowieża National Park. Know it—Understand it—Protect It; Okołów, C., Karaś, M., Bołbot, A., Eds.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2009; pp. 72–86. [Google Scholar]
- Cieśliński, S. Wykaz gatunków porostów (grzybów zlichenizowanych) Puszczy Białowieskiej (NE Polska) [Checklist of lichens (Ascomycota lichenisati) of Białowieża Primeval Forest (NE Poland)]. Parki Nar. Rezerw. Przyr. 2010, 29, 3–39. [Google Scholar]
- Błaszkowski, J. Glomeromycota; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Science: Kraków, Poland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Bałazy, S. Entomophthorales; W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences: Kraków, Poland, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Borowska, A. Grzyby niedoskonałe (Deuteromycetes), strzępczakowe (Hyphomycetales), ciemnobarwniakowe fialidowe (Dematiaceae phialoconidiae). In Deuteromycetes. Hyphomycetales. Dematiaceae phialoconidiae; Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe: Warszawa-Kraków, Poland, 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Keczyński, A. General description of the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park. In The Forests of the Strict Reserve of the Białowieża National Park; Keczyński, A., Ed.; Białowieski Park Narodowy: Białowieża, Poland, 2017; pp. 9–27. [Google Scholar]
- Chmiel, M.A.; Sadowska, B. Grzyby koprofilne w zbiorowiskach leśnych Białowieskiego Parku Narodowego [Coprophilous fungi in the forest communities of the Białowieża National Park]. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Pol. 1994, 1, 107–131. [Google Scholar]
- Chmiel, M.A. Discomycetous fungi. In Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park (Project CRYPTO [2]). Phytocoenosis Arch. Geobot. 1995, 4, 115–123. [Google Scholar]
- Chmiel, M.A. Litter saprobic fungi. In Cryptogamous plants in the forest communities of Białowieża National Park (Project CRYPTO [3]). Phytocenosis Arch. Geobot. 1996, 6, 111–117. [Google Scholar]
- Jaroszewicz, B. Personal communication, Białowieża Geobotanical Station; University of Warsaw: Białowieża, Poland, 2021. [Google Scholar]
Group | Number |
---|---|
vascular plants (Białowieża Primeval Forest) | 1020 |
vascular plants (Białowieża National Park) | 786 |
cryptogams | 286 |
algae | 156 |
lichens | 400 |
animals (diverse groups in total) | 12,000 |
mammals | 59 |
birds | 260 |
spiders | 331 |
insects | 9482 |
Total | 14,648 |
Number of Fungi Species: Number of Plants Species |
5:1 |
Białowieża Primeval Forest → 5 × 1020 = 5100 |
Białowieża National Park → 5 × 786 = 3930 |
8:1 |
Białowieża Primeval Forest → 8 × 1020 = 8160 |
Białowieża National Park → 8 × 786 = 6288 |
10:1 |
Białowieża Primeval Forest → 10 × 1020 = 10,200 |
Białowieża National Park → 10 × 786 = 7860 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ruszkiewicz-Michalska, M.; Kozłowska, M.; Wilk, M.; Janik-Superson, K.; Mułenko, W. The Known, the Unknown, and the Expected: 130 Years of Research on Non-Lichenized Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Forests 2021, 12, 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050518
Ruszkiewicz-Michalska M, Kozłowska M, Wilk M, Janik-Superson K, Mułenko W. The Known, the Unknown, and the Expected: 130 Years of Research on Non-Lichenized Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Forests. 2021; 12(5):518. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050518
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuszkiewicz-Michalska, Małgorzata, Monika Kozłowska, Mateusz Wilk, Katarzyna Janik-Superson, and Wiesław Mułenko. 2021. "The Known, the Unknown, and the Expected: 130 Years of Research on Non-Lichenized Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland" Forests 12, no. 5: 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050518
APA StyleRuszkiewicz-Michalska, M., Kozłowska, M., Wilk, M., Janik-Superson, K., & Mułenko, W. (2021). The Known, the Unknown, and the Expected: 130 Years of Research on Non-Lichenized Fungi and Fungus-Like Organisms in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Forests, 12(5), 518. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12050518