Evaluating Forest Visitors’ Place Attachment, Recreational Activities, and Travel Intentions under Different Climate Scenarios
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Questionnaire Design and Sampling Method
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Backgrounds and Recreational Experiences Based on Place-Attachment Score Clusters
3.2. Tourists’ Recreational Activities Based on Place-Attachment Score Clusters
3.3. Travel Intention under Climate Change Effects
3.4. Travel Intention after Adaptational Policy Implementation
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Place Attachment Indicators | Questions by Indicators |
---|---|
Place identity (Defined as the emotional attachment of a person to a specific place) [24] | I like Wuling National Forest Recreation Area very much. Wuling National Forest Recreation Area is very important to me personally. I have a strong sense of identity with the Wuling National Forest Recreation Area. Wuling National Forest Recreation Area can reflect my personal characteristics and personality. |
Place belonging (Defined as people feel that they have achieved immersion in a locality, or that they have attained a sense of having become a part of the local community) [37] | I think I am part of the Wuling National Forest Recreation Area. I think on the spiritual level, I have a certain degree of connection with the Wuling National Forest Recreation Area. I feel that I can relax in Wuling National Forest Recreation Area. I am happy to go to Wuling National Forest Recreation Area for recreation. |
Place dependency (Defined as a person’s reliance on bonding with a specific location) [24] | For me, I will give priority to traveling in Wuling National Forest Recreation Area compared to other places. Satisfaction with tourism in Wuling National Forest Recreation Area is much more satisfactory than other forest recreation areas. No other area can be compared with the Wuling National Forest Recreation Area No other area can replace Wuling National Forest Recreation Area. Wuling National Forest Recreation Area is a place where I can do things I like. Wuling National Forest Recreation Area is my favorite place to come. |
Variables | Category | Numbers | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 112 | 54.1 |
Female | 95 | 45.9 | |
Marriage | Married | 155 | 74.9 |
Single | 52 | 25.1 | |
Age | Under 18 | 16 | 7.9 |
18–29 | 39 | 18.2 | |
30–49 | 109 | 53.2 | |
50–64 | 43 | 20.7 | |
Level of Education | Middle School | 4 | 2.0 |
High School | 36 | 17.4 | |
Undergraduate | 116 | 56.0 | |
Above Graduate | 51 | 24.6 | |
Occupation | Students | 39 | 18.8 |
Public Employees | 29 | 14.0 | |
Industrial | 37 | 17.9 | |
Business | 34 | 16.4 | |
Service | 32 | 15.5 | |
Freelance | 28 | 13.5 | |
Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry | 3 | 1.5 | |
Retried | 5 | 2.4 | |
Salary (New Taiwan dollar, NTD; 1 NTD = 0.03571 US dollar) | <20 thousand | 43 | 20.7 |
20–40 thousand | 38 | 18.8 | |
40–60 thousand | 58 | 28.1 | |
60–80 thousand | 35 | 16.9 | |
80–100 thousand | 13 | 6.3 | |
>100 thousand | 19 | 9.2 | |
Place of Residency | Northern Taiwan | 126 | 60.9 |
Central Taiwan | 53 | 25.6 | |
Southern Taiwan | 19 | 9.2 | |
Eastern Taiwan | 9 | 4.3 | |
Parks, Forest, Natural Environmental for Leisure Activities | Less than once a month | 69 | 33.3 |
1–3 times a month | 94 | 45.4 | |
Once a week | 21 | 10.1 | |
2–3 times a week | 16 | 7.8 | |
Above 4 times a week | 7 | 3.4 | |
Expected time visiting in Wuling | 3 h | 9 | 4.3 |
5 h | 6 | 2.8 | |
7 h | 6 | 2.8 | |
2 days, 1 night | 88 | 42.3 | |
3 days, 2 nights | 94 | 45.4 | |
>4 days | 5 | 2.4 | |
Participating Environmental Protection Group | Yes | 21 | 10.1 |
No | 186 | 89.9 |
Sections | Indicators | Numbers of Question | Cronbanch’s α Value |
---|---|---|---|
Place Attachment | Place Identity | 4 | 0.838 |
Place Belonging | 4 | 0.808 | |
Place Dependency | 6 | 0.659 | |
Travel Intention Before Adaptational Strategy Implementation | 8 | 0.845 | |
Adaptation Policies | 9 | 0.723 | |
Travel Intention After Adaptational Strategy Implementation | 8 | 0.883 | |
Revisit Intention | 3 | 0.837 | |
Total | 42 | 0.825 |
Recreational Activities | Numbers | Percentage * (%) |
---|---|---|
Camping | 148 | 71.5 |
Picnicking | 47 | 22.7 |
Forest Bathing | 134 | 64.7 |
Ecology Education | 44 | 21.3 |
Researching | 7 | 3.4 |
Flora Appreciation | 77 | 37.2 |
Agriproduct Purchasing | 44 | 21.3 |
Trail Walking | 122 | 58.9 |
Formosan Landlocked Salmon Observation | 75 | 36.2 |
Alpine Hiking Trail | 44 | 21.3 |
Bird Watching | 33 | 15.9 |
Recreational Activities | Numbers | Percentage * (%) |
---|---|---|
Camping | 144 | 69.6 |
Picnicking | 51 | 24.6 |
Forest Bathing | 162 | 78.3 |
Ecology Education | 19 | 9.2 |
Researching | 5 | 2.4 |
Flora Appreciation | 40 | 19.3 |
Agriproduct Purchasing | 8 | 3.9 |
Trail Walking | 79 | 38.2 |
Formosan Landlocked Salmon Observation | 39 | 18.8 |
Alpine Hiking Trail | 41 | 19.8 |
Bird Watching | 16 | 7.7 |
Category | Low Degree | Medium Degree | High Degree | Total Sample |
---|---|---|---|---|
Numbers | 35 | 111 | 61 | 207 |
Percentage (%) | 16.9 | 53.6 | 29.5 | 100 |
Place Identity * | 3.01 | 3.85 | 4.69 | 3.96 |
Place Belonging * | 2.91 | 3.82 | 4.51 | 3.87 |
Place Dependency * | 2.65 | 3.54 | 4.37 | 3.63 |
Sociodemographic Background & Recreational Experience | Place Attachment Level (%) | ANOVA F/Chi Square | df | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | ||||
Sex | X2 = 0.171 | 2 | 0.918 | |||
Male | 57.1 | 53.2 | 54.1 | |||
Female | 42.9 | 46.8 | 45.9 | |||
Age | F = 4.378 | 2 | 0.014 * | |||
Average | 33.3 | 40.4 | 39.1 | |||
Level of Education | X2 = 9.269 | 8 | 0.320 | |||
Middle School | 5.7 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |||
High School | 17.1 | 13.5 | 24.6 | |||
Undergraduate | 54.3 | 56.8 | 55.7 | |||
Above Graduate | 22.9 | 28.8 | 18.1 | |||
Occupation | X2 = 28.795 | 14 | 0.011 * | |||
Student | 37.1 | 15.3 | 14.8 | |||
Public Employee | 0.0 | 15.3 | 19.7 | |||
Industrial | 5.7 | 18.9 | 23.0 | |||
Business | 28.6 | 11.7 | 18.0 | |||
Service | 17.1 | 18.9 | 8.2 | |||
Freelance | 8.6 | 15.3 | 13.1 | |||
Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry | 2.9 | 0.9 | 1.6 | |||
Retried | 0.0 | 3.7 | 1.6 | |||
Salary (NTD) | F = 2.303 | 2 | 0.160 | |||
<20 thousand | 37.1 | 20.7 | 11.5 | |||
20–40 thousand | 22.9 | 19.8 | 14.8 | |||
40–60 thousand | 11.4 | 26.1 | 41.0 | |||
60–80 thousand | 17.1 | 18.0 | 14.8 | |||
80–100 thousand | 2.9 | 6.3 | 8.2 | |||
>100 thousand | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.7 | |||
Marriage | X2 = 3.576 | 2 | 0.167 | |||
Married | 68.6 | 80.2 | 68.9 | |||
Single | 31.4 | 19.8 | 31.1 | |||
Place of Residency | X2 = 10.099 | 6 | 0.121 | |||
Northern Taiwan | 60.0 | 60.4 | 62.3 | |||
Central Taiwan | 31.4 | 21.6 | 29.5 | |||
Southern Taiwan | 5.7 | 14.4 | 1.6 | |||
Eastern Taiwan | 2.9 | 3.6 | 6.6 | |||
Participating Environmental Protection Group | X2 = 0.339 | 2 | 0.844 | |||
Yes | 11.4 | 9.0 | 11.5 | |||
No | 88.6 | 91.0 | 88.5 | |||
Parks, Forest, Natural Environmental for Leisure Activities | X2 = 10.509 | 8 | 0.231 | |||
Less than once a month | 40.0 | 32.4 | 31.1 | |||
1–3 times a month | 40.0 | 44.1 | 50.8 | |||
Once a week | 20.0 | 9.7 | 6.6 | |||
2–3 times a week | 0.0 | 9.7 | 8.2 | |||
Above 4 times a week | 0.0 | 4.1 | 3.3 | |||
Expected time visiting in Wuling a | F = 6.703 | 2 | 0.002 ** | |||
3 h | 11.4 | 4.5 | 0.0 | |||
5 h | 8.6 | 2.7 | 0.0 | |||
7 h | 11.4 | 0.9 | 0.0 | |||
2 days, 1 night | 34.3 | 43.2 | 45.9 | |||
3 days, 2 nights | 31.4 | 45.9 | 52.5 | |||
>4 days | 2.9 | 2.8 | 1.6 |
Recreational Activities | Place Attachment Level (%) | Chi Square | df | p Value | Cramer’s V | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | |||||
Camping | 45.7 | 73.9 | 82.0 | 15.006 | 2 | 0.001 ** | 0.001 |
Picnicking | 17.1 | 19.8 | 31.1 | 3.621 | 2 | 0.164 | |
Forest Bathing | 62.9 | 59.5 | 75.4 | 4.452 | 2 | 0.108 | |
Ecology Education | 11.4 | 20.7 | 27.9 | 3.632 | 2 | 0.163 | |
Researching | 5.7 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 1.166 | 2 | 0.558 | |
Flora Appreciation | 31.4 | 39.6 | 36.1 | 0.815 | 2 | 0.665 | |
Agriproduct Purchasing | 11.4 | 22.5 | 24.6 | 2.531 | 2 | 0.282 | |
Trail Walking | 54.3 | 58.6 | 62.3 | 0.604 | 2 | 0.739 | |
Formosan Landlocked Salmon Observation | 28.6 | 35.1 | 42.6 | 2.025 | 2 | 0.363 | |
Alpine Hiking Trail | 34.3 | 15.3 | 24.6 | 6.296 | 2 | 0.043 * | 0.043 |
Bird Watching | 17.1 | 14.4 | 18.0 | 0.430 | 2 | 0.807 |
Revisit Intention | Place Attachment Level | ANOVA F | df | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | ||||
Willing to visit Wuling again | 3.66 | 4.23 | 4.56 | 18.024 | 2 | 0.000 *** |
Willing to recommend others to visit Wuling | 3.71 | 4.24 | 4.62 | 18.483 | 2 | 0.000 *** |
Wuling is one of the priority attractions | 3.20 | 3.96 | 4.44 | 34.374 | 2 | 0.000 *** |
Adaptation Policies | Total Average | Place-Attachment Level | ANOVA F | df | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | |||||
Reduce park admission and accommodation cost | 3.23 | 3.43 | 3.19 | 3.20 | 0.628 | 2 | 0.535 |
Set up more pavilions in the park to avoid tourists from heat stroke | 3.49 | 3.51 | 3.43 | 3.57 | 0.321 | 2 | 0.726 |
Provide tourists with more indoor recreation opportunities | 3.25 | 3.17 | 3.23 | 3.33 | 0.232 | 2 | 0.793 |
Strengthen the implementation of conservation Formosan Landlocked Salmon projects in the park | 4.27 | 4.17 | 4.21 | 4.44 | 2.064 | 2 | 0.130 |
Building unique buildings in the area as a supplement to damaged natural scenery | 2.81 | 2.77 | 2.75 | 2.93 | 0.414 | 2 | 0.661 |
Free shuttle bus to Wuling National Forest Recreation Area | 3.59 | 3.86 | 3.43 | 3.72 | 2.534 | 2 | 0.082 |
Improving soil and water conservation within the recreation area to ensure the security of visitors a | 4.57 | 4.31 | 4.56 | 4.72 | 4.323 | 2 | 0.014 * |
Enhancing habitat conservation and Establishing a wildlife conservation district within the recreational area | 4.59 | 4.37 | 4.63 | 4.62 | 2.372 | 2 | 0.096 |
Providing real-time weather forecast and environmental safety information within the recreation area | 4.50 | 4.29 | 4.55 | 4.53 | 2.330 | 2 | 0.100 |
Climate Factors | Place Attachment Level | ANOVA F | df | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | ||||
Typhoon | 1.657 | 2.153 | 2.230 | 5.837 | 2 | 0.003 ** |
Landslides | 1.514 | 1.946 | 1.984 | 4.255 | 2 | 0.015 * |
Heavy Rain | 1.629 | 1.973 | 2.115 | 4.198 | 2 | 0.016 * |
Heatwave | 3.171 | 3.802 | 3.836 | 5.277 | 2 | 0.006 ** |
Coldwave | 2.400 | 2.631 | 2.721 | 1.119 | 2 | 0.329 |
Forest Fire | 1.800 | 2.135 | 2.115 | 2.019 | 2 | 0.135 |
Zoonotic Influenza a | 2.143 | 2.468 | 2.574 | 2.768 | 2 | 0.068 |
Biting Midges | 1.943 | 2.225 | 2.492 | 3.148 | 2 | 0.045 * |
Climate Factors | Place Attachment Level | ANOVA F | df | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n = 35) | Medium (n = 111) | High (n = 61) | ||||
Typhoon | 2.286 | 2.505 | 2.590 | 1.189 | 2 | 0.307 |
Landslides | 1.971 | 2.234 | 2.426 | 2.465 | 2 | 0.088 |
Heavy Rain | 2.114 | 2.297 | 2.475 | 1.688 | 2 | 0.187 |
Heatwave | 3.486 | 4.126 | 4.180 | 6.579 | 2 | 0.002 ** |
Coldwave | 2.289 | 2.982 | 2.918 | 0.311 | 2 | 0.733 |
Forest Fire | 2.171 | 2.405 | 2.410 | 0.797 | 2 | 0.452 |
Zoonotic Influenza | 2.286 | 2.730 | 2.902 | 4.158 | 2 | 0.017 * |
Biting Midges | 2.200 | 2.423 | 2.754 | 3.406 | 2 | 0.035 * |
Climate Factors | Average Difference Value | Standard Deviation | t | df | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Typhoon | 0.4010 | 0.7231 | −7.978 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Landslides | 0.3623 | 0.7031 | −7.414 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Heavy Rain | 0.3623 | 0.6455 | −8.076 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Heatwave | 0.3285 | 0.8351 | −5.660 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Coldwave | 0.3188 | 0.6422 | −7.143 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Forest Fire | 0.2947 | 0.6863 | −6.178 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Zoonotic Influenza | 0.2609 | 0.6306 | −5.952 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
Biting Midges | 0.2271 | 0.6322 | −5.167 | 206 | 0.000 *** |
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Liu, W.-Y.; Yu, H.-W.; Hsieh, C.-M. Evaluating Forest Visitors’ Place Attachment, Recreational Activities, and Travel Intentions under Different Climate Scenarios. Forests 2021, 12, 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020171
Liu W-Y, Yu H-W, Hsieh C-M. Evaluating Forest Visitors’ Place Attachment, Recreational Activities, and Travel Intentions under Different Climate Scenarios. Forests. 2021; 12(2):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020171
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wan-Yu, Hung-Wen Yu, and Chi-Ming Hsieh. 2021. "Evaluating Forest Visitors’ Place Attachment, Recreational Activities, and Travel Intentions under Different Climate Scenarios" Forests 12, no. 2: 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020171
APA StyleLiu, W.-Y., Yu, H.-W., & Hsieh, C.-M. (2021). Evaluating Forest Visitors’ Place Attachment, Recreational Activities, and Travel Intentions under Different Climate Scenarios. Forests, 12(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12020171