Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Containing Shale Ceramsite
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mix Proportions
2.3. Preparation and Curing
2.4. Experimental Methodology
2.4.1. Mechanical Properties
2.4.2. Durability
2.4.3. Microstructure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mechanical Properties
3.1.1. Compressive Strength
3.1.2. Flexural Strength
3.1.3. Splitting Tensile Strength
3.2. Durability
3.2.1. Chloride Penetration Resistance
3.2.2. Freezing–Thawing Resistance
3.2.3. Sulfate Attack Resistance
3.3. Microstructure
4. Conclusions
- The specimens with different GO contents had an oven-dry density in the range of 1696–1728 kg/m3 and a compressive strength in the range of 61.88–74.32 MPa, which meet the classification requirements of HSLWC. GO not only adjusted the crystal morphology at an early stage but also maximized the 28-day compressive strength by 20.1%. The specimens with different GO contents had a flexural strength ranging from 6.47 to 8.69 MPa. The addition of GO could increase the flexural strength by 11.7–34.3%. The specimens with different GO contents had a splitting tensile strength ranging from 4.21 to 5.23 MPa. The addition of GO could increase the splitting tensile strength by 10.5–24.2%.
- The chloride-ion migration coefficient of HSLWC with different GO incorporation contents was within the range of 4.07 × 10−12–7.18 × 10−12 m2/s, suggesting that the HSLWC in this study could be well applied to marine environments. GO could help the chloride-ion migration coefficient of HSLWC to reach a maximum reduction of 43%. After 250 freezing and thawing cycles, the specimens with different GO contents had a mass loss rate in the range of 1.10–2.91% and a relative dynamic elastic modulus in the range of 95.4–98.4%. After 150 wet and dry cycles, the specimens with different GO contents had a mass loss rate in the range of 1.54–2.95% and a corrosion resistance coefficient in the range of 86.3–97.4%. These results indicated that GO can improve the freeze–thaw resistance and sulfate attack resistance of HSLWC.
- When the content of GO increased from 0 to 0.08%, all the performance indices of HSLWC showed a nonlinear trend. The peak in performance occurred when the GO content was 0.05%. It could be inferred that the optimal GO addition of HSLWC produced from SC was 0.05%. A low content of GO could adjust the crystal morphology to grow flower-like crystals. The number and size of flower-like crystals had a nonlinear relationship with the content of GO. This may be another important reason for the observed performance improvement.
- The results indicated that a low content GO could contribute better mechanical properties and durability to HSLWC, thereby extending the service life of buildings and reducing maintenance costs. The addition of different amounts of GO produces different reinforcement effects. GO can be used to achieve the application of SC in high-rise and large-span structures as well as in extreme cold or deep sea areas. Therefore, using GO to strengthen HSLWC made of SC has broad application prospects.
- Oxygen content is an important parameter for the affinity and mechanical properties of GO. Despite the significant mechanical and durability enhancements in this study, controlling the oxygen content of GO to accurately adjust the performance of HSLWC still requires further research to achieve wider practical applications.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aggregate | Type | Density Rank (kg/m3) | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Particle Size (mm) | Water Absorption (24 h) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SC | coarse | 800 | 1425 | 5–15 | 4.6 |
SPS | fine | 700 | 1638 | 0–3 | 1.36 |
Specific Surface Area (m2/g) | Layers | Thickness (nm) | Diameter (µm) | Purity (%) | Oxygen Content (%) | Carbon Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100–300 | 1–2 | ~1 | 10–30 | >95 | >33 | >66 |
No. | Cement | Water | SC | SPS | FA | PS | GO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO-0 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0 |
GO-2 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0.088 |
GO-4 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0.176 |
GO-5 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0.220 |
GO-6 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0.264 |
GO-8 | 440 | 170 | 380 | 380 | 110 | 11 | 0.352 |
Mix No. | Density (kg/m3) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | C/D (kN·m/kg) | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F/C | S/C | ||||
GO-0 | 1696 | 61.88 | 36.5 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
GO-2 | 1705 | 64.87 | 38.0 | 6.7 | 6.2 |
GO-4 | 1712 | 71.22 | 41.6 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
GO-5 | 1715 | 74.32 | 43.3 | 6.2 | 7.0 |
GO-6 | 1719 | 72.74 | 42.3 | 6.0 | 7.0 |
GO-8 | 1728 | 69.26 | 40.1 | 5.9 | 7.1 |
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Hong, X.; Lee, J.C.; Ng, J.L.; Md Yusof, Z.; He, Q.; Li, Q. Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Containing Shale Ceramsite. Materials 2023, 16, 2756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072756
Hong X, Lee JC, Ng JL, Md Yusof Z, He Q, Li Q. Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Containing Shale Ceramsite. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072756
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Xiaojiang, Jin Chai Lee, Jing Lin Ng, Zeety Md Yusof, Qian He, and Qiansha Li. 2023. "Effect of Graphene Oxide on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Strength Lightweight Concrete Containing Shale Ceramsite" Materials 16, no. 7: 2756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072756