Inclusion of Natural Antioxidants of Mango Leaves in Porous Ceramic Matrices by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Obtaining of Ethanolic Extracts from Mango Leaves
2.3. Supercritical Solvent Impregnation (SSI)
2.4. Determination of Antioxidant Capacity Assay with DPPH and FRAP
2.4.1. DPPH Method
2.4.2. FRAP Method
2.5. Phenolic Compounds Determination in the Impregnated Silica
2.5.1. Total Phenolic Content
2.5.2. HPLC Analysis
2.6. Physical Characterization of Impregnated Silica
2.7. Statistic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical and Functional Characterization of Extract
3.2. Impregnation Process—Time Influence
3.3. Impregnation Process—Pressure Influence
3.4. Impregnation Process—Concentration of the Extract and Temperature Influence
3.5. Impregnation Process—Type of Silica
3.6. Morphology of Particles
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Experiment | Time of Impregnation (h) | Pressure (bar) | Temperature (°C) | Concentration of Extract (mg/mL) | Porous Matrix |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
2 | 6 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
3 | 9 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
4 | 12 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
5 | 15 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
6 | 18 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
7 | 22 | 100 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
8 | 6 | 150 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
9 | 6 | 200 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
10 | 6 | 250 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
11 * | 6 | 250 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
11 | 6 | 300 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
12 | 6 | 350 | 35 | 20 | Silica SB-300 |
13 | 6 | 300 | 35 | 40 | Silica SB-300 |
14 | 6 | 300 | 35 | 60 | Silica SB-300 |
15 | 6 | 300 | 35 | 80 | Silica SB-300 |
16 | 6 | 300 | 50 | 60 | MSU-H |
17 | 6 | 300 | 35 | 60 | MSU-H |
Yield % | Total Phenol mg GAE/g Extract | AAI µg DPPH/µg Extract | FRAP µmol TE/g Extract | DPPH µmol TE/g Extract |
---|---|---|---|---|
18.75 | 279.53 ± 3.27 | 2.58 ± 0.21 | 1898.78 ± 42.33 | 2637.46 ± 00.00 |
Gallic Acid | Iriflophenone 3-C-β-D-Glucoside | Iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-p-Hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-Glucoside | Mangiferin |
---|---|---|---|
5.84 ± 0.02 | 12.08 ± 0.01 | 5.53 ± 0.06 | 7.51 ± 0.09 |
Iriflophenone-3-C-(2-O-galloryl)-β-D-glucoside | Quercetin 3-D-galactoside | Quercetin 3-β-D-glucoside | Quercetin-3-O-xyloside |
0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | NQ | 0.27 ± 0.02 |
Quercetin-3-O-a-L arabinopyranoside | 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloryl-β-D-glucose | Quercetin (Aglycone) | |
0.18 ± 0.07 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | |
mg Phenolic compounds/g of extract |
N° | Matrix | P (Bar) | Ce (mg/mL) | T (°C) | Phenolic Compounds mg/L | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gallic Acid | Iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-P-Hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-Glucoside | |||||
1 | SB-300 | 100 | 20 | 35 | 0.83 ± 0.01 ab | 1.68 ± 0.03 a |
2 | 150 | 20 | 35 | NQ | 4.68 ± 0.53 bd | |
3 | 200 | 20 | 35 | 0.74 ± 0.01 ab | 8.25 ± 0.10 c | |
5 | 250 * | 20 | 35 | 0.18 ± 0.04 c | 6.22 ± 0.10 bd | |
6 | 300 | 20 | 35 | 1.55 ± 0.33 d | 15.87 ± 1.21 e |
N° | Ce (mg/mL) | T (°C) | Silica | AAI µg (DPPH/µg Antioxidant) | IC50 (µg Antioxidant/mL) | DPPH (µmol TE/g Silica) | FRAP (µmol TE/g Silica) | TP (mg GAE/g of Silica) | Gallic Acid (mg/L) | Iriflophenone 3-C-(2-O-P-HyDroxybenzoyl)-β-D-Glucoside (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 35 | SB-300 | 0.30 ± 0.01 ae | 77.21 ± 1.36 a | ND | ND | ND | 1.55 ± 0.33 a | 15.87 ± 1.21 a |
2 | 40 | 35 | SB-300 | 0.60 ± 0.03 b | 35.53 ± 1.66 b | ND | ND | ND | 0.45 ± 0.13 b | 15.79 ± 3.18 a |
3 | 60 | 35 | SB-300 | 0.74 ± 0.01 cd | 28.64 ± 0.39 c | ND | ND | ND | 2.52 ± 0.18 c | 35.62 ± 0.19 b |
4 | 80 | 35 | SB-300 | 0.44 ± 0.05 be | 54.16 ± 5.97 c | 4.63 ± 0.11 | 43.04 ± 0.07 | 2.51 ± 0.00 | 4.54 ± 0.02 d | 44.06 ± 0.28 c |
5 | 60 | 50 | SB-300 | 0.37 ± 0.00 ae | 65.67 ± 0.42 ac | ND | ND | ND | 2.73 ± 0.14 c | 30.85 ± 0.39 d |
6 | 60 | 35 | MSU-H | 1.05 ± 0.13 d | 17.28 ± 1.64 b | 1.80 ± 0.08 | 62.27 ± 1.75 | 4.32 ± 0.95 | 7.08 ± 0.25 e | 83.33 ± 0.46 e |
7 | 60 | 50 | MSU-H | 0.15 ± 0.02 e | 140.11 ± 15.28 d | ND | ND | ND | - | - |
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Guamán-Balcázar, M.d.C.; Montes, A.; Valor, D.; Coronel, Y.; De los Santos, D.M.; Pereyra, C.; Martínez de la Ossa, E.J. Inclusion of Natural Antioxidants of Mango Leaves in Porous Ceramic Matrices by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation. Materials 2022, 15, 5934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175934
Guamán-Balcázar MdC, Montes A, Valor D, Coronel Y, De los Santos DM, Pereyra C, Martínez de la Ossa EJ. Inclusion of Natural Antioxidants of Mango Leaves in Porous Ceramic Matrices by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation. Materials. 2022; 15(17):5934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175934
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuamán-Balcázar, María del Cisne, Antonio Montes, Diego Valor, Yorky Coronel, Desireé M. De los Santos, Clara Pereyra, and Enrique J. Martínez de la Ossa. 2022. "Inclusion of Natural Antioxidants of Mango Leaves in Porous Ceramic Matrices by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation" Materials 15, no. 17: 5934. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175934