Recovery of Chloride Penetration Resistance of Cement-Based Composites Due to Self-Healing of Cracks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Steady-State Migration—Diffusion Test
3. Experimental Program
3.1. Materials and Mixture Proportions
3.2. Preparation of Test Specimens
3.3. Test Methods
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Variation of Chloride Ion Concentration and Time to Reach the Quasi-Steady State
4.2. Relationship Between Chloride Ion Diffusion Coefficient and Crack Width
4.3. Evaluation of Crack Healing Capacity
4.4. Phenomenological Model for Crack Healing Process and Recovery of Resistance to Chloride Ion Penetration
4.4.1. Concept of Healed Crack Width
- The critical crack width is the result of self-healing.
- The critical crack width is not fixed but varies depending on the healing age with a rate of change that depends on the self-healing capacity.
4.4.2. Healed Crack Width and Crack Formation Factor
5. Conclusions
- The time required to reach the quasi-steady state decreases when coating is applied to the uncracked surface of a specimen. This indicates that the application of surface coating can reduce testing time, thereby minimizing the error caused by self-healing during the test.
- The slope of the crack width-diffusion coefficient relation was found to be higher in the surface-coated specimens. This was attributed to differences between the electrical potentials of the crack and uncracked zone arising from differences in their permittivities. If the electrical potential of crack is assumed to be the same as that of uncracked zone without considering this difference in electrical potential between the two, the diffusion coefficient of the uncracked zone will be overestimated whereas that of the crack will be underestimated, with the degree of error increasing with the crack width. This will in turn result in an overestimation of the self-healing capacity. Thus, the diffusion coefficient of cracked concrete can be evaluated more accurately by applying surface coating.
- The critical crack width at day 0 of healing age was found to be very small (less than 10 μm) but increased with the healing age. Based on this, it was possible to establish the hypotheses that (a) the critical crack width results from self-healing and (b) the critical crack width is not fixed but varies depending on the healing age, with a rate of change that depends on the self-healing capacity. Based on these hypotheses, the critical crack width can be defined as the “healed crack width” and the diffusion coefficient of a crack can be formulated as a function of the healed crack width and crack formation factor.
- As self-healing progresses, the healed crack width slowly increases as a result of the formation of self-healing materials in the crack; at the same time, the crack formation factor decreases as the internal crack geometry changes owing to self-healing. The rates of increase in the healed crack width and decrease in the crack formation factor vary depending on the self-healing capacity of the material and can be expressed as hyperbolic functions with upper and lower limits, respectively.
- By applying the healed crack width growth and crack formation factor reduction functions suggested in this study, it is possible to estimate the residual crack width recovered through self-healing in an actual structure and to predict the chloride ion penetration rate through its cracks. As such, the proposed models are expected to be useful in evaluating the self-healing-induced recovery of the chloride penetration resistance of cracked concrete in actual structures.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mixture ID | Proportions | HRWRA (% by Binder Weight) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | OPC | GGBFS | Na2SO4 | Anhydrate Gypsum | Clinker | Fine Aggregate | ||
OPC | 0.4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.0 | 0.5 |
SHC15 | 0.4 | 0.67 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.15 | 1.90 | 0.7 |
SHC30 | 0.4 | 0.62 | 0.25 | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 1.80 | 0.7 |
Mixture ID | Measured Crack Widths (μm) of Specimens—Mean (Standard Deviations) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uncoated | Coated | Uncoated | Coated | Uncoated | Coated | |
OPC | 109.7 (5.91) | 101.2 (10.24) | 199.6 (9.03) | 206.5 (17.90) | 298.1 (18.37) | 295.3 (12.80) |
SHC15 | 109.9 (7.81) | 102.1 (8.02) | 202.2 (9.04) | 206.9 (11.29) | 296.0 (8.70) | 299.7 (12.63) |
SHC30 | 97.4 (6.51) | 106.9 (7.99) | 203.8 (7.44) | 203.8 (14.60) | 299.2 (10.12) | 304.3 (17.55) |
Mixture ID | Parameters for Healed Crack Width | Parameters for Crack Formation Factor | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC | 0.009 | 0.04 | 2.217 (0.99) | 0.433 | 0.22 | 1.25 (0.99) |
SHC15 | 0.006 | 0.15 | 0.302 (0.99) | 0.438 | 0.10 | 1.10 (0.99) |
SHC30 | 0.002 | 0.17 | 0.420 (0.99) | 0.431 | 0.05 | 1.29 (0.99) |
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Yoo, K.S.; Jang, S.Y.; Lee, K.-M. Recovery of Chloride Penetration Resistance of Cement-Based Composites Due to Self-Healing of Cracks. Materials 2021, 14, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102501
Yoo KS, Jang SY, Lee K-M. Recovery of Chloride Penetration Resistance of Cement-Based Composites Due to Self-Healing of Cracks. Materials. 2021; 14(10):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102501
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoo, Kyung Suk, Seung Yup Jang, and Kwang-Myong Lee. 2021. "Recovery of Chloride Penetration Resistance of Cement-Based Composites Due to Self-Healing of Cracks" Materials 14, no. 10: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102501