Effects of Portland Cement and Polymer Powder on the Properties of Cement-Bound Road Base Mixtures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. Polymer Powder
2.2. Aggregate
2.3. Hydraulic Binder
3. Experimental Design
4. Testing Plan
4.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties
4.1.1. Bulk Density—SSD
4.1.2. Water Absorption by Weight (nw)
4.1.3. Stiffness Modulus (Sm)
4.1.4. Compressive Strength (RC)
4.1.5. Indirect Tensile Strength (ITSDRY)
4.2. Crack Propagation in the SCB Test
5. Mixture Design and Test Specimen Preparation
5.1. Mixture Design
5.2. CBGM Preparation and Curing
6. The Microstructure of Cement–Polymer Composite
7. Results and Analysis
7.1. Regression Models in the Response Surface Methodology for Changes in Physical and Mechanical Properties of CBM in Terms of the CEM Content and the RPP Content
7.2. Regression Models in Response Surface Methodology for Changes in Fracture Toughness (KIC) in Terms of the Amount of Portland Cement and the Amount of Polymer Powder
8. Determination of the Recommended Percentage Amounts of Portland Cement and Polymer Powder to Increase the Fracture Toughness of the Bound Mixture. Optimization by the Desirability Function Method
9. Conclusions
- The beneficial effect of the polymer powder on the crack resistance of cement-bound mixtures (CBMs) was confirmed.
- Macroscopic analysis of the samples of mixtures bound with cement and polymer powder revealed bridging between aggregate grains after the conditioning period; this confirms the formation of a continuous polymer phase and modification of the structure of the cement-bound mixture.
- No effect of the polymer powder (RPP) on the change in the CBM absorption parameter was found. However, it was found that an increase in the amount of cement within the range 2–4% reduced this parameter.
- No change in compressive strength of the cement-bound mixture was observed when the amount of polymer powder was changed. The increase in strength was related to the change of the CEM amount. Increasing the content of polymer powder within the range 2–4% increased the strength from 0.7 to 2.0 MPa. On the other hand, increasing the CEM amount within the range 2–4% increased the strength from about 2.50 to 5.10 MPa. The strength increments for both binders are similar, while the order of magnitude more than doubles when using cement.
- Polymer powder in the bound mixture reduces axial compressive strength while maintaining high resistance to indirect tensile strength.
- The use of polymer powder at more than 0.5% with a maximum concentration of Portland cement (4.0%) has a positive effect on the fracture toughness of CBM.
- The mixtures containing polymer powder are characterized by much higher fracture toughness than the twin combinations with Portland cement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Content (%) | Mineral Aggregate Content (%) | Hydraulic Binder Content and Type (%) | Bitumen Binder Content and Type (%) | Others Binder Type (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dołżycki et al. [19] | 70% | 30% | 2%/4%/6%—cement | 2/4/6%—bitumen emulsion | - |
Valentin et al. [20] | 60–90% | 10–40% | 1.5–3.0%—cement | 2.5%—bitumen emulsion | Waste filler |
Buczyński et al. [21] | 50% | 50% | 2%—cement | 2.4%—foamed bitumen (50/70) | 5%/12.5%/20% Dolomite Dust |
Graziani et al. [22] | 50%/80%/0% | 50%/20%/100% | 2%—cement | 3.0%—bitumen emulsion | - |
Lin et al. [23] | 100% | 2%—cement | 4.0%—bitumen emulsion | - | |
Skotnicki et al. [24] | 2.38%, 3.38%, 4.38%—cement | 3.5%, 5.5%—foamed bitumen | - | ||
Niazi et al. [25] | 20% | 80% | 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%—cement | 3.5% emulsion | 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% lime |
Component | Percentage (%) (m/m) |
---|---|
Vinyl acetate (VAc) | 70.0–100.0 |
Copolymer (butyl acrylate. ethylene. edetic acid vinyl ester) | 0.0–30.0 |
partially hydrolyzed poly (vinyl alcohol) | 6.0 |
sodium bicarbonate | 0.3 |
hydrogen peroxide (35%) | 0.7 |
sodium hydroxymethyl sulfonate | 0.5 |
water | 80.0 |
Component | Percentage in EVA (%) |
---|---|
C | 67.67 |
O | 29.13 |
Mg | 0.52 |
Si | 1.65 |
Ca | 0.75 |
Al | 0.29 |
∑ | 100.00 |
Property | Test | u.m. | Result | Symbol |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension d/D | EN 933-1 [34] | - | - | 0/31 |
Particle size distribution | EN 933-1 [34] | - | - | GA85 |
Density | EN 1097-6 [35] | Mg/m3 | 2.71 | 2.71 |
Shape index | EN 933-4 [36] | % | 16.0 | SI20 |
Flakiness index | EN 933-3 [37] | % | 14.0 | FI20 |
Percentage of crushed and broken surfaces | EN 933-5 [38] | % | 98/2 | C90/3 |
Frost resistance | EN 1367-1 [39] | % | 3.4 | F1 |
Resistance to fragmentation | EN 1097-2 [40] | % | 23 | LA30 |
Abrasion resistance | EN 1097-1 [41] | % | 17.5 | MDE25 |
Property | Test | u.m. | Result | Symbol |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension d/D | EN 933-1 [34] | - | - | 0/4 |
Particle size distribution | EN 933-1 [34] | - | - | GF85 |
Density | EN 1097-6 [35] | Mg/m3 | 2.83 | 2.83 |
Property | Test Method | Unit of Measure | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Initial setting time | EN 196-3 [43] | min | 209 |
Compressive strength | EN 196-1 [44] | ||
at 2 days | MPa | 27.2 | |
at 28 days | MPa | 55.6 | |
Soundness | EN 196-3 [43] | mm | 0.8 |
Specific surface area | EN 196-6 [45] | cm2/g | 3360 |
Property | Portland Cement Content (%) | Polymer Powder Content (%) |
---|---|---|
CBM_C2P0 | 2 | 0 |
CBM_C4P0 | 4 | 0 |
CBM_C2P2 | 2 | 2 |
CBM_C2P4 | 2 | 4 |
CBM_C4P2 | 4 | 2 |
CBM_C4P4 | 4 | 4 |
CBM_C0P2 | 0 | 2 |
CBM_C0P4 | 0 | 4 |
CBM_C0P0 | 0 | 0 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients ρbssd [Mg/m3] R-sqr = 0.95; MS Residual = 0.02 | |
---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 2.26 | 0.001 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | 0.087 | 0.001 |
CEM [%] (Q) | −0.008 | 0.022 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | 0.021 | 0.335 |
RPP [%] (Q) | 0.001 | 0.867 |
1L by 2L | −0.013 | 0.005 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients nw [%] R-sqr = 0.97; MS Residual = 0.01 | |
---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 0.031 | 0.001 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | −0.020 | 0.001 |
CEM [%] (Q) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | −0.001 | 0.950 |
RPP [%] (Q) | −0.001 | 0.001 |
1L by 2L | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients RC 28d [MPa] R-sqr = 0.94; MS Residual = 0.42; | |
---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 0.780 | 0.254 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | 0.453 | 0.240 |
CEM [%] (Q) | 0.166 | 0.021 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | 0.103 | 0.750 |
RPP [%] (Q) | 0.026 | 0.638 |
1L by 2L | −0.084 | 0.158 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients ITSDRY [MPa] R-sqr = 0.98; MS Residual = 0.39 | |
---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 1.380 | 0.001 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | −1.065 | 0.001 |
CEM [%] (Q) | 0.295 | 0.001 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | 0.448 | 0.004 |
RPP [%] (Q) | −0.030 | 0.132 |
1L by 2L | −0.115 | 0.001 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients Sm at +10 °C [MPa] R-sqr = 0.98; MS Residual = 1022.6 | Regr. Coefficients Sm at +25 °C [MPa] R-sqr = 0.96; MS Residual = 1689.4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 6138.05 | 0.007 | 16272.79 | 0.001 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | −5140.85 | 0.001 | −1901.95 | 0.154 |
CEM [%] (Q) | 2054.74 | 0.001 | 1214.75 | 0.001 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | 3965.11 | 0.001 | −6058.27 | 0.010 |
RPP [%] (Q) | −384.44 | 0.023 | 812.55 | 0.014 |
1L by 2L | −1106.29 | 0.001 | −375.63 | 0.190 |
Property | Portland Cement Amount (%) | Polymer Powder Amount (%) | Depth of Cut/Notch (mm) | ∆W (mm) | εmax (%) | σmax (MPa) | KlC (N/mm1,5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CBM_C2P0 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 0.37 | 0.50 | 0.11 | 2.87 |
CBM_C4P0 | 4 | 0 | 10 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 9.43 |
CBM_C2P2 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 0.60 | 0.83 | 0.52 | 13.90 |
CBM_C2P4 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 0.72 | 0.86 | 0.57 | 15.35 |
CBM_C4P2 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 0.69 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 16.07 |
CBM_C4P4 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 1.06 | 1.41 | 0.83 | 21.84 |
CBM_C0P2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0.73 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 19.23 |
CBM_C0P4 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 1.35 | 1.75 | 1.07 | 28.79 |
Factor | Regr. Coefficients KIC (N/mm1.5) R-sqr = 0.91; MS Residual = 4.48 | |
---|---|---|
Regression Coefficient | p-Value | |
Mean/Interc. | 9.31 | 0.002 |
(1) CEM [%] (L) | −6.74 | 0.001 |
CEM [%] (Q) | 1.70 | 0.001 |
(2) RPP [%] (L) | 6.42 | 0.001 |
RPP [%] (Q) | −0.45 | 0.073 |
1L by 2L | −0.44 | 0.057 |
Property | Mean/Interc. | (1) CEM [%] (L) | CEM (%) (Q) | (2) RPP (%) (L) | RPP (%) (Q) | 1L by 2L | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρbssd | 2.26 | 0.087 | −0.008 | 0.021 | 0.001 | −0.013 | 0.95 |
nw | 0.031 | −0.020 | 0.003 | −0.001 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 0.97 |
RC | 0.078 | 0.453 | 0.166 | 0.103 | 0.026 | −0.084 | 0.94 |
ITSDRY | 1.380 | −1.065 | 0.295 | 0.448 | −0.03 | −0.115 | 0.98 |
Sm + 10 °C | 6138.05 | −5140.85 | 2054.74 | 3965.11 | −384.44 | −1106.29 | 0.98 |
Sm + 25 °C | 1672.79 | −1901.95 | 1214.75 | −6058.27 | 812.55 | −375.63 | 0.96 |
KIC | 9.31 | −6.74 | 1.7 | 6.42 | −0.45 | −0.44 | 0.91 |
Standard Estimates | Desirability | Quality of Product |
---|---|---|
1.00 | Excellent | Ultimate in “satisfaction” or quality; an improvement beyond this point would have no appreciable value |
1.00–0.80 | Very good | Acceptable and good. Represents an improvement over the best commercial quality, the latter having the value of 0.63 |
0.63–0.37 | Satisfactory | Acceptable but poor. Quality is acceptable to the specification limits, but improvement is desired |
0.37–0.20 | Bad | Unacceptable. Materials of this quality would lead to failure of the project |
0.20–0.00 | Very bad | Completely unacceptable |
Criterion | nw (%) | RC (MPa) | ITSDRY (MPa) | Sm +10 °C (MPa) | KIC (N/mm1,5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
better | 1.0 | min | 0.50 | min | 30.0 |
worse | 5.0 | max | 0.25 | max | 25.0 |
weight | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
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Buczyński, P.; Iwański, M.; Mazurek, G.; Krasowski, J.; Krasowski, M. Effects of Portland Cement and Polymer Powder on the Properties of Cement-Bound Road Base Mixtures. Materials 2020, 13, 4253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194253
Buczyński P, Iwański M, Mazurek G, Krasowski J, Krasowski M. Effects of Portland Cement and Polymer Powder on the Properties of Cement-Bound Road Base Mixtures. Materials. 2020; 13(19):4253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194253
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuczyński, Przemysław, Marek Iwański, Grzegorz Mazurek, Jakub Krasowski, and Maciej Krasowski. 2020. "Effects of Portland Cement and Polymer Powder on the Properties of Cement-Bound Road Base Mixtures" Materials 13, no. 19: 4253. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194253