A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Energy Storage: A Global Overview
2.1. Technologies and Current Global Capacity
2.2. Energy Market Segments
2.2.1. International Policies and Plans
2.2.2. Wholesale Market
2.2.3. Transmission and Distribution Market
2.2.4. End User Market (Behind the Meter)
2.2.5. Off Grid Market
3. Australian Policies and Plans
3.1. Government System
3.2. Federal Government Energy Storage Policies and Plans
- A 2 MW/2 MWh battery installed in 2016 in Buninyong, Victoria which is the largest grid connected battery in Australia. It is equivalent to 20% of the current powerlines’ capacity and will run automatically to reduce peak demand and provide emergency backup (Powercor, 2016).
- Ergon Energy’s Grid Utility Storage Solution, which is being deployed in constrained fringe-of-grid regions in Queensland to improve power quality and regulate demand. The network expects to deploy hundreds of these 25 kW/100 kWh units in the coming years and estimates it will reduce network infrastructure investment by over 35% [87].
3.3. State and Territory Government Energy Storage Policies and Plans
4. Discussion
4.1. Australian Policy in an International Context
4.2. Hydrogen as an Alternative Energy Storage Solution
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Market | Application | Definition | Benefits of Energy Storage | Australian Context |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wholesale | Utility scale storage | Electricity generators which supply and sell electricity into the market, ancillary services for grid stability | Support higher penetration of intermittent renewable energy, price arbitrage, ancillary services | High state based renewable energy targets (50%–100%) |
Transmission and Distribution (T&D) | Network management | Regulated monopolies that distribute electricity from generators to end users, ancillary services | Demand management, alleviate network constraints and power quality issues, ancillary services | Network constraints, power quality issues due to concentrations of renewable energy |
End User | Behind the meter | Electricity consumers across the residential, commercial and industrial sectors | Support larger solar photovoltaics (PV) installations, increase solar PV utilisation, reduce network demand | High penetration of residential solar PV |
Off Grid | Renewable energy hybridisation | Electricity systems not connected to main grid (e.g., islands, remote communities) | Support higher concentration of intermittent renewable energy to offset fossil fuels | Large off grid market |
Country/State | Wholesale | Transmission and Distribution | End User | Off-Grid | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U.S. | California | Very High | Very High | High | Low |
Hawaii | High | Medium | Low | High | |
New York | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low | |
Texas | Med- High | Low | Low | Low | |
Germany | Medium | Medium | High | N/A | |
UK | Medium | Medium | Low | Medium | |
Japan | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | |
Korea | Low | High | Medium | N/A |
Capacity | Type | Year | Operator | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 MW/5 MWh | Li-ion | 2014 | E.ON | Grid stability in a region with 80% renewable energy, ancillary services |
5 MW/5 MWh | Modular (Li-ion, high-temp, lead-acid) | 2015 | WEMAG AG | Renewable energy integration, grid stability, wholesale price arbitrage, ancillary services |
10 MW/10 MWh | Li-ion | 2015 | 50 Hertz | Grid stability, load balancing wind energy, ancillary services |
Capacity | Type | Year | Operator | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|
15 MW/60 MWh | Redox Flow | 2016 | Hokkaido Electric | Renewable energy integration, grid stability |
40 MW/20 MWh | Li-ion | 2016 | Tohoku Electric | Renewable energy integration, grid stability |
Capacity | Type | Supplier | Application |
---|---|---|---|
85 MW | Li-ion | Stem | Multiple locations to provide demand reduction and grid support |
50 MW | Li-ion | Advanced Microgrid Solutions | Multiple commercial and industrial buildings to provide demand reduction and grid support |
Title | Description | Benefits for Energy Storage |
---|---|---|
Demand Response Mechanism rule change [83] | Establish a new class of market participant, a demand response aggregator (DRA), to allow consumers to participate in the wholesale market | Aggregation of small-scale battery storage units to act as one generator |
Local Generation Network Credits (LGNCs) rule change [84] | Incentivise networks to recognise the benefits of local generation by requiring them to implement a LGNC | Financial incentive |
Demand Management Incentive Scheme (DMIS) rule change [85] | Reward networks to deliver non-network options that deliver cost savings to customers through demand management | Financial incentive |
Demand Management Innovation Allowance (DMIA) rule change [85] | Provide funding for research and development projects that have the potential to reduce long term network costs via demand reduction | Financial incentive |
Electricity ring-fencing guideline [86] | Enable networks to provide behind the meter services through third party contractors or ring fenced businesses | Competitive market development |
Key Strategy | Relevance to Energy Storage | Specific Project/Funding |
---|---|---|
Clear policy and efficient regulatory environment | Creation of an Investment Attraction Agency to attract new businesses | AUD $200,000 grant for ZEN Energy Systems to support the further development of its battery storage system |
Information to inform investment | Improve information to assess project viability | Update existing directory of diesel generation to assess opportunities for hybrid renewable energy and storage projects |
Sponsoring uptake and government procurement | Financial incentives and market development support | - AUD $1.1 million to demonstrate battery storage on government buildings - AUD $3 million for a mobile energy storage testing facility for battery technology and grid integration |
Facilitating projects to leverage funding and support | Financial incentives | - Subsidise Coober Pedy Council PPA for electricity produced by a hybrid renewable energy and battery storage project - Funding to assess feasibility of medium-large scale battery storage (5 MW–30 MW/25 MW–300 MWh) to integrate intermittent renewable energy |
Capacity | Year | Utility | Technology Provider | Electrolyser Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
6 MW | 2015 | Stadtwerke Mainz AG | Siemens | PEM |
1 MW | 2015 | E.ON | Hydrogenics | PEM |
150 kW | 2015 | RWE | ITM Power | PEM |
300 kW | 2014 | Mainova AG | ITM Power | PEM |
2 MW | 2013 | E.ON | Hydrogenics | PEM |
1 MW | 2013 | UNK | Hydrogenics | PEM |
400 kW | 2013 | EnBW | Hydrogenics | PEM |
Capacity | Year | Country | Project Name | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 MW | 2016 | Denmark | Bio Cat | Combined heat and power (CHP) |
1.2 MW | 2016 | Italy | INGRID | supply-demand balancing |
48 kW | 2004 | Norway | Utsira | Micro-grid (island) |
1 MW | 2012 | France (Corsica) | Jupiter 1000 | Island grid stability |
70 kW | 2010 | Spain | ITHER | Mobility |
400 kW | 2006 | Spain | HyFLEET:CUTE | Mobility |
400 kW | 2003 | Netherlands | HyFLEET:CUTE | Mobility |
12 MW | 2016 | Netherlands | Delfzijl | Chemical processing |
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Moore, J.; Shabani, B. A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies. Energies 2016, 9, 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090674
Moore J, Shabani B. A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies. Energies. 2016; 9(9):674. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090674
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoore, Jason, and Bahman Shabani. 2016. "A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies" Energies 9, no. 9: 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090674
APA StyleMoore, J., & Shabani, B. (2016). A Critical Study of Stationary Energy Storage Policies in Australia in an International Context: The Role of Hydrogen and Battery Technologies. Energies, 9(9), 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090674