Determination of Enhanced Oil Recovery Candidate Fields in the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Region Territory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Production Technology | Description | Oil Recovery Factor, % | Application Features | Fields |
---|---|---|---|---|
CHOPS (Cold Heavy Oil Production with Sand) | Production of oil with sand by breaking weakly cemented collector and creating appropriate conditions for the movement of the oil and sand mixture in the formation [11] | up to 15 | Not applicable for production of bitumen and on the fields with bottom water | Karajanbas, Lindbergh, Bodo, Duri |
VAPEX (Vapor Extraction Process) | It involves the use of two horizontal wells. The injection of solvent into the upper well establishes the camera-solvent. Oil is diluted by diffusion and flows along the boundaries of the chamber to a producing well under the influence of gravitational forces | up to 60 | Low energy costs, uncertainty in costs | Cold Lake, Peace River, Athabasca |
Quarry development | Bitumen saturated rock is extracted by open method | up to 85 | Reservoir depth is up to 50 m, after extracting rocks require additional work to obtain it from the hydrocarbons, capital and operating costs are low | Bemolanga, Syukeyevskoye, Spiridonovskoye, Vassilyevskoye, Fikov-Kolokskoye |
Cleaning mine development | The rise of hydrocarbon saturated rock on the surface | up to 45 | Reservoir depth is up to 200 m, a large amount of waste rock drivage is cost-effective only in case of the rare metals presence | Athabasca, Sunnyside, Tar Sand Triangle, PR Spring |
SAGD (Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage) [12] | Two closely-spaced horizontal wells, one above the other, form a steam-injector and producer pair. The reservoir oil is heated by the injected steam and drains to the producer under the effect of gravity | up to 60 | Minimum heat loss, large energy expenditures [13] | Ashalchinskoye, Athabasca, Cold Lake, Asphalt Ridge |
Thermal mining method | The reservoir warmed up to 60–80 °C. The production is made by wells drilled from the mine workings located at the bottom of the oil-saturated reservoir. Oil is pumped to the surface after preliminary separation of mechanical impurities and water | up to 50 | Reservoir depth is up to 800 m | Yaregskoye, Lloydminster, Mordovo-Karmolskoye |
Mine-well development | Drivage in rocks above the productive reservoir and vertical and deviated well pads are drilled into the reservoir for the oil accumulation in drivages | up to 10 | Reservoir depth is up to 400 m, it requires a huge drivage through rocks that do not contain oil | Yaregskoye, Ashalchinskoye, Circle Cliffs |
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Analysis of the Methods that Increase Field Development Efficiency on the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Region
Average Additional Oil Rate, t/day | |||
---|---|---|---|
Sidetrack | Hydraulic Fracturing | Acid hydraulic Fracturing | Average |
11.8 | 13.1 | 10.9 | 11.2 |
2.2. Classification of Well-Candidates for the Use of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
No. | Parameter | Group I | Group II | Group III | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Oil production (t/day) | 3.58–12.02 * | 0–2.31 | 1.13–9.64 | 0.65–1.16 | 0–3.21 |
6.31 | 2.15 | 4.03 | 0.92 | 2.12 | ||
2 | Watercut (%) | 12.1–25.7 | 0–36.1 | 9.4–31.1 | 35–49.4 | 0–34.1 |
18.3 | 26.4 | 16.7 | 42.2 | 22.8 | ||
3 | Net pay thickness (m) | 3.1–5.1 | 4.4–9.3 | 3.8–6.1 | 3.1–4.4 | 2.2–6.2 |
4.3 | 6.0 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | ||
4 | Reservoir pressure (MPa) | 8.3–9.8 | 10.8–12.6 | 8.1–9.9 | 9.7–10.3 | 8.9–14.5 |
8.9 | 11.8 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 11.0 | ||
5 | Permeability (µm2) | 0.045–0.278 | 0.011–0.042 | 0.018–0.072 | 0.001–0.003 | 0.002–0.060 |
0.131 | 0.020 | 0.041 | 0.002 | 0.006 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Geological and Physical Conditions of Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods Modeling
No. | Parameter | Field No. 1 | Field No. 2 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The average depth of the roof (m) | 933 | 1613 |
2 | Average reservoir thickness (m) | 4.2 | 6 |
3 | Porosity, etc. units | 0.162 | 0.132 |
4 | Permeability (µm2) | 0.123 | 0.0515 |
5 | Net-To-Gross ratio, fr.units | 0.27 | 0.389 |
6 | Coefficient of compartmentalization, fr.units | 4.3 | 8.28 |
7 | Initial reservoir pressure (MPa) | 10.5 | 16.9 |
8 | Oil viscosity at reservoir conditions (mPa·s) | 6.38 | 48.8 |
9 | Oil density at reservoir conditions (t/m3) | 0.852 | 0.914 |
10 | Oil density at surface conditions (t/m3) | 0.869 | 0.915 |
11 | The altitude of oil-water contact (m) | −853 | −1422 |
12 | Oil Saturation pressure (MPa) | 8.35 | 9.9 |
13 | Gas content (m3/t) | 29.6 | 8 |
14 | Average total thickness (m) | 15.8 | 25 |
15 | Oil formation volume factor, share | 1.067 | 1.011 |
16 | Water viscosity at reservoir conditions (mPa·s) | 1.57 | 1.51 |
3.2. Field Number 1
Well No. | Flow Rate (t/day) | Water Cut (%) | Reservoir Pressure (MPa) | Permeability (µm2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oil | Liquid | ||||
1 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 17 | 8.7 | 0.1400 |
2 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 14.5 | 8.6 | 0.0746 |
3 | 8.2 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 0.0746 |
Average value | 5.2 | 6.0 | 13.4 | 8.7 | 0.2892 |
No. of Well | 1 | 2 | 3 | Average Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | |||||
Radial drilling | 4952 | 3927 | 3699 | 4193 | |
Acid treatment | 2867 | 1925 | 2274 | 2355 |
3.3. Field Number 2
No. | Parameters | Added Amounts of Gas (vol%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 6 | 12 | 25 | 30 | ||
1 | Density, kg/m3 | 917 | 912 | 908 | 903 | 902 |
2 | Viscosity, mPa∙s | 54.02 | 42.0 | 33.7 | 28.3 | 28.0 |
3 | Gas content, m3/m3 | 13.5 | 19.3 | 24.6 | 27.3 | 27.5 |
4 | Volume factor, the proportion of units | 1.031 | 1.072 | 1.098 | 1.109 | 1.111 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Turbakov, M.; Shcherbakov, А. Determination of Enhanced Oil Recovery Candidate Fields in the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Region Territory. Energies 2015, 8, 11153-11166. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81011153
Turbakov M, Shcherbakov А. Determination of Enhanced Oil Recovery Candidate Fields in the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Region Territory. Energies. 2015; 8(10):11153-11166. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81011153
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurbakov, Mikhail, and Аleksandr Shcherbakov. 2015. "Determination of Enhanced Oil Recovery Candidate Fields in the Volga-Ural Oil and Gas Region Territory" Energies 8, no. 10: 11153-11166. https://doi.org/10.3390/en81011153