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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 16
10.3390/en18164457
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Theoretical and Simulation-Based Approach to BIPV Systems Integrated with Modular Building

by
Julia Brenk
1,
Barbara Ksit
1 and
Bożena Orlik-Kożdoń
2,*
1
Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 61-139 Poznan, Poland
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4457; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164457
Submission received: 7 July 2025 / Revised: 16 August 2025 / Accepted: 19 August 2025 / Published: 21 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving in Buildings)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study presents a simulation-based analysis of a steel modular building that integrates technologies that support the energy transition in the built environment. The focus is placed on the implementation of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), with photovoltaic modules incorporated into the façade and balcony railings. Several modern photovoltaic façade systems were examined. In addition, the study considers the application of photovoltaic glazing enhanced with active quantum coatings. Seven distinct BIPV modules were analysed, each characterised by unique features, with particular emphasis on the influence of colour in tinted variants. A performance degradation analysis was conducted for railing-mounted modules with varying glass tints. The simulation results were correlated with the building’s electricity demand.
Keywords: modular building; BIPV; nearly zero-energy building (nZEB); simulation; photovoltaic analysis modular building; BIPV; nearly zero-energy building (nZEB); simulation; photovoltaic analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Brenk, J.; Ksit, B.; Orlik-Kożdoń, B. Theoretical and Simulation-Based Approach to BIPV Systems Integrated with Modular Building. Energies 2025, 18, 4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164457

AMA Style

Brenk J, Ksit B, Orlik-Kożdoń B. Theoretical and Simulation-Based Approach to BIPV Systems Integrated with Modular Building. Energies. 2025; 18(16):4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164457

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brenk, Julia, Barbara Ksit, and Bożena Orlik-Kożdoń. 2025. "Theoretical and Simulation-Based Approach to BIPV Systems Integrated with Modular Building" Energies 18, no. 16: 4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164457

APA Style

Brenk, J., Ksit, B., & Orlik-Kożdoń, B. (2025). Theoretical and Simulation-Based Approach to BIPV Systems Integrated with Modular Building. Energies, 18(16), 4457. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164457

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