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Article

Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries

1
Department of Quantitative Methods, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
2
Department of Investment, Grupa Azoty S.A., 33-100 Tarnów, Poland
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164228
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 28 July 2025 / Accepted: 5 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forecasting and Optimization in Transport Energy Management Systems)

Abstract

Currently, the market for cars based on alternative fuels is developing very dynamically, which is caused by the growing needs in the field of environmental protection and the desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Many countries have introduced various forms of support for people who decide to buy an electric or a hybrid car. The European Union has also introduced increasingly restrictive CO2 emission standards, which accelerates the transition to alternative drives. The main research question in the paper was how the market for alternative energy sources in transport is developing in individual countries of the community, what the infrastructure looks like, and whether there is a large diversity in this field in the countries under study. The taxonomic methods (the TOPSIS method and the cluster analysis) have been applied for the research. The data were taken from Eurostat and the European Alternative Fuels Observatory statistical data. The analysis allowed an identification of key regularities that characterize the process of transformation of road transport in the European Union. Firstly, there is a clear division in countries with a high level of electrification (clusters I, IV, and VI) and countries that prefer gas drives (cluster V) or that are at an early stage of transformation (clusters II and III). Secondly, a strong relationship between the development of charging infrastructure, especially ultra-fast stations, and the level of adoption of electric vehicles was confirmed.
Keywords: electric vehicles; alternative fuels; electro-mobility; electricity recharging infrastructure; taxonomical analysis; ranking; TOPSIS method electric vehicles; alternative fuels; electro-mobility; electricity recharging infrastructure; taxonomical analysis; ranking; TOPSIS method

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chudy-Laskowska, K.; Chudy, M.; Pisula, J.; Pisula, T. Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries. Energies 2025, 18, 4228. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164228

AMA Style

Chudy-Laskowska K, Chudy M, Pisula J, Pisula T. Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries. Energies. 2025; 18(16):4228. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164228

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chudy-Laskowska, Katarzyna, Maciej Chudy, Jadwiga Pisula, and Tomasz Pisula. 2025. "Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries" Energies 18, no. 16: 4228. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164228

APA Style

Chudy-Laskowska, K., Chudy, M., Pisula, J., & Pisula, T. (2025). Taxonomical Analysis of Alternative Energy Sources Application in Road Transport in the European Union Countries. Energies, 18(16), 4228. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164228

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