Mutual Support—Modern Energy Planning Inclusive of Cooking—A Review of Research into Action in Africa and Asia since 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- Search question or objective—what evidence is there of a growing integration of cooking loads and demands in modern energy planning, and what parameters have emerged from recent research that is prompting such action?
- Inclusion/exclusion criteria—the review includes studies (both formally and informally published) and policy documents, research programmes, funding, and political statements about the use of modern energy to address the challenge of access to clean cooking for all.
- Databases—Google Scholar constrained to the years 2018 to 2022, Google and Bing search engines constrained manually to the years 2018 to 2022.
- Search strategy—key words included ‘access to modern energy’, ‘access to modern energy AND clean cooking’, ‘access to electricity’, ‘access to electricity AND clean cooking’, ‘access to electricity AND cooking’, LPG, clean cooking, ‘off-grid’, mini grids, ‘solar home systems’, ‘ethanol’ IEA, ESMAP, CCA, World Bank, COP26, crude oil pricing, ‘climate change AND clean cooking’. The strategy included utilising the snowball effect for hyperlinks.
- Methodology for data extraction and analysis—collection and collation in free form digital folders.
- Declaration of interests—as the authors are involved with research covered by the review, we do not exclude our own papers.
- Time frame—review was undertaken between 1 January 2022 and 24 June 2022.
- High level policy observations and aspirational changes.
- Emerging evidence and data affecting understanding of the challenge.
- Implications of new evidence and data on the key challenge.
- New evidence and data on solutions to the key challenge.
3. Findings
3.1. The Political Landscape
3.1.1. Target 1—Sustainable Development Goal 7
3.1.2. Target 2—Net Zero Carbon
3.2. A Brief History of Clean Cooking
3.3. A Growing Focus on Modern Energy Cooking Services and Changes in Evidence and Data Collection
3.3.1. Making the Statistics Worse but for the Better
3.3.2. Confirming the Need through Systematic Reviews
3.3.3. Beyond Just Primary Fuel Data
3.3.4. Beyond Boiling Water
3.3.5. Beyond Oil-Based Fuels—Wider Possibilities for Modern Energy Cooking
3.4. Modern Energy Cooking and Socio-Economic Impacts
3.4.1. Deforestation
3.4.2. Health and Economic Impacts
3.4.3. Raising the Profile of Clean Cooking in Urban Areas
3.4.4. Displacement Settings
3.4.5. Institutional and Small Business Cooking, and Pre-Processing Food
3.5. Building the Evidence Base
3.5.1. Electricity as a Cost-Effective Option for Cooking
3.5.2. Grid
3.5.3. Mini Grid
3.5.4. Off Grid Solar Home Systems
3.5.5. Confirming the Energy Efficiency
3.5.6. The Socio-Cultural Dimension
3.6. Finance for a Scaled Uptake
3.6.1. Mitigating Upfront Expenditure by the Consumers
3.6.2. Mitigating the Actual Total Cost of the Equipment to the Consumer
3.6.3. Mitigating the Cost of the Fuel
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- UNstats. 2017. Available online: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2017/goal-07/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S.; Brown, E.; Scott, N.; Leary, J. Two birds, one stone—Reframing cooking energy policies in Africa and Asia. Energies 2019, 12, 1591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UN. 2022. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Newell, P.; Daley, F. Cooking Up an Electric Revolution. Briefing Note University of Sussex. Modern Energy Cooking Services Programme. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Cooking-up-an-electric-revolution.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Newell, P.; Daley, F. Electrification and Cooking: A Case of Mutual Neglect? Working Paper University of Sussex. Modern Energy Cooking Services Programme. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Electrification-and-cooking-A-case-of-mutual-neglect.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. The Political Economy of Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS), Working Paper, Gamos, Modern Energy Cooking Services Programme. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/The-political-economy-of-MECS-02022020.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Yumkella, K.; Batchelor, S.; Haselip, J.A.; Brown, E. Solving the clean cooking conundrum in Africa: Technology options in support of SDG7 and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In Scaling Up Investment in Climate Technologies: Pathways to Realising Technology Development and Transfer in Support of the Paris Agreement; DTU Orbit: Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, 2021; pp. 13–26. [Google Scholar]
- IEA; IRENA; UNSD; World Bank; WHO. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2021; Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b731428f-244d-450c-8734-af19689d7ab8/2021_tracking_SDG7.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- IEA. Financing Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging and Developing Economies, Special Report. 2021. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/6756ccd2-0772-4ffd-85e4-b73428ff9c72/FinancingCleanEnergyTransitionsinEMDEs_WorldEnergyInvestment2021SpecialReport.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UN. Energy Access Towards The Achievement Of SDG 7 and Net-Zero Emissions, Theme Report High Level Dialogue on Energy. 2021. Available online: https://www.un.org/ohrlls/sites/www.un.org.ohrlls/files/technical_working_group_1_energy_access_report_2021.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNSE4All. ENERGIZING FINANCE Understanding the Landscape 2021 Research Series. 2021. Available online: https://www.seforall.org/system/files/2021-10/EF-2021-UL-SEforALL.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- CCA. Clean Cooking Industry Snapshot 2021. 2021. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/620-1-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Bricknell, M.; Sakyi-Nyarko, C.; Stritzke, S.; Brown, E.; Batchelor, S.; Weston, P.; Gopalan, A. Modern Energy Cooking: Review of the Funding. Landscape Report 5 of the Financing Clean Cooking Series. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Modern-Energy-Cooking-Review-of-the-Funding-Landscape.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Stritzke, S.; Sakyi-Nyarko, C.; Bisaga, I.; Bricknell, M.; Leary, J.; Brown, E. Results-Based Financing (RBF) for Modern Energy Cooking Solutions: An Effective Driver for Innovation and Scale? Energies 2021, 14, 4559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y. Accelerating Access to Clean Cooking Will Require a Heart-Head-and-Hands Approach. Development 2022, 65, 59–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michoud, B.; Hafner, M. Financing Clean Energy Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Risk Mitigation Strategies and Innovative Financing Structures; Springer Nature: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2021; p. 197. [Google Scholar]
- Kabatesi, M. Global to Local: An Alternative Approach to Achieve Climate and Energy Goals. Development 2022, 65, 14–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- UN. CALL TO ACTION Principles for Priority Action on Clean Cooking for All. 2021. Available online: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/09/call_to_action_and_principles_on_clean_cooking_30july2021.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- CCA. Unlock the SDGs and Net-Zero with Clean Cooking SDG7 Multi-Stakeholder Energy Compact. 2021. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Clean_Cooking_Energy_Compact.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Africa-Europe Foundation. Clean Cooking Manifesto. 2021. Available online: https://www.friendsofeurope.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/AEF-CleanCooking-Manifesto.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNSE4All. Universal Integrated Energy Plans. 2021. Available online: https://www.seforall.org/universal-integrated-energy-plans (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNSE4All. Nigeria Integrated Energy Planning Tool. 2022. Available online: https://nigeria-iep.sdg7energyplanning.org/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Pearce-Oroz, G.; Progress on Stocktake: Priority #1 Securing Energy Access, UNSE4All and G20 (Indonesian Presidency), G20 Energy Transition Working Group. Personal Communication, June 2022.
- EU GCCA+. Climate Ambitions: An Analysis of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the ACP Group of States. 2018. Available online: https://intraacpgccaplus.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/NDC_long_report_EN.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- CCAC. Coverage of SLCPs in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). 2017. Available online: https://www.ccacoalition.org/en/file/6775/download?token=US-EnwMv (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNFCCC. Handbook on Measurement, Reporting and Verification for Developing Country Parties. 2021. Available online: https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/non-annex_i_mrv_handbook.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Ministry of Power, Gov of India. Go Electric Campaign. 2021. Available online: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1705892 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gov of Nepal. Nepal’s Long-Term Strategy for Net-Zero Emissions. 2021. Available online: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NepalLTLEDS.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNESCAP. SDG7 Roadmap for Indonesia Report. 2020. Available online: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Energy%20Transition%20Pathways%20for%20the%202030%20Agenda%20SDG7%20Roadmap%20for%20Indonesia.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UNCC with Gov of Italy. COP26 the Glasgow Climate Pact. 2021. Available online: https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/COP26-Presidency-Outcomes-The-Climate-Pact.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Coady, D.; Parry, I.; Le, N.; Shang, N. Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates IMF Working Paper No. 2019/089. 2019. Available online: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Global-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Remain-Large-An-Update-Based-on-Country-Level-Estimates-46509 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Parry, I.; Black, S.; Vernon, N. Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right: A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies IMF Working Paper No. 2021/236. 2021. Available online: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/09/23/Still-Not-Getting-Energy-Prices-Right-A-Global-and-Country-Update-of-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-466004 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gov of China. China’s Mid-Century Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy. 2021. Available online: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/China%E2%80%99s%20Mid-Century%20Long-Term%20Low%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emission%20Development%20Strategy.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Climate Action Tracker. India Net Zero Target. 2021. Available online: https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/india/net-zero-targets/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- World Economic Forum. How Does the War in Ukraine Affect Oil Prices? Report. 2022. Available online: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/how-does-the-war-in-ukraine-affect-oil-prices/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Knoema. Crude Oil Price Forecast: 2021, 2022 and Long Term to 2050 Webpage. 2021. Available online: https://knoema.com/infographics/yxptpab/crude-oil-price-forecast-2021-2022-and-long-term-to-2050 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Capital. Crude oil Price Forecast: What to Expect from the Global Oil Market in 2020 and Beyond. 2020. Available online: https://capital.com/crude-oil-price-forecast (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- US Energy Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook 2021 Report. 2021. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=46656 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Business Insider. OIL (BRENT) Commodity price. 2022. Available online: https://markets.businessinsider.com/commodities/oil-price (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Dale, S.; Fattouh, B. Peak Oil Demand and Long-Run Oil Prices, Report BP. 2015. Available online: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/bp-peak-oil-demand-and-long-run-oil-prices.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- IEA. World Energy Model Documentation October 2021. 2021. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/932ea201-0972-4231-8d81-356300e9fc43/WEM_Documentation_WEO2021.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- IEA. Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. 2022. Available online: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/4482cac7-edd6-4c03-b6a2-8e79792d16d9/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- United Nations. for a Livable Climate: Net-Zero Commitments Must Be Backed by Credible Action. 2022. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net-zero-coalition (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Čukić, I.; Kypridemos, C.; Evans, A.W.; Pope, D.; Puzzolo, E. Towards sustainable development goal 7 “universal access to clean modern energy”: National strategy in Rwanda to scale clean cooking with bottled gas. Energies 2021, 14, 4582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, K.C.; Leach, M.; Black, M.J.; Tesfamichael, M.; Kemausuor, F.; Littlewood, P.; Marker, T.; Mwabonje, O.; Mulugetta, Y.; Murphy, R.J.; et al. BioLPG for clean cooking in sub-Saharan Africa: Present and future feasibility of technologies, feedstocks, enabling conditions and financing. Energies 2021, 14, 3916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- IRENA. Renewable Energy Auctions Status and Trends Beyond Price. 2019. Available online: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jun/IRENA_Auctions_beyond_price_2019_findings.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- IRENA. IRENA Global Database. 2022. Available online: https://www.irena.org/Statistics/View-Data-by-Topic/Costs/Global-Trends (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- EIA. Levelized Costs of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2022. 2022. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- UN. World Population Projected to Reach 9.8 Billion in 2050. 2022. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Price, M. Modern Energy Cooking Services: An Urban Perspective. Working Paper Apr/2021. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/modern-energy-cooking-services-an-urban-perspective-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- IEA. WEO-2017 Special Report: Energy Access Outlook; IEA WEO: Paris, France, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- SE4ALL. Sustainable Energy for All Global Tracking Framework (Hg.): Progress toward Sustainable Energy 2015; Global Tracking Framework Report; SE4ALL: Vienna, Austria, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- ESMAP; GACC. State of the Global Clean and Improved Cooking Sector; ESMAP: Washington, DC, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Energypedia. Improved Cookstoves and Energy Saving Cooking Equipment. 2022. Available online: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Improved_Cookstoves_and_Energy_Saving_Cooking_Equipment (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Lewis, J.J.; Pattanayak, S.K. Who Adopts Improved Fuels and Cookstoves? A Systematic Review. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 637–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GACC. Clean Cooking: Key to Achieving Global Development and Climate Goals 2016 Progress Report. 2016. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/495-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Lucon, O.; Coelho, S.T.; Goldemberg, J. LPG in Brazil: Lessons and challenges. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2004, 8, 82–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Astuti, S.P.; Day, R.; Emery, S.B. A successful fuel transition? Regulatory instruments, markets, and social acceptance in the adoption of modern LPG cooking devices in Indonesia. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2019, 58, 101248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kar, A.; Pachauri, S.; Bailis, R.; Zerriffi, H. Capital cost subsidies through India’s Ujjwala cooking gas programme promote rapid adoption of liquefied petroleum gas but not regular use. Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 125–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EconomicTimes. A Record Leap: LPG Cylinder Now Used by 89% Households in India. 2018. Available online: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/lpg-cylinder-now-used-by-89-households/articleshow/66930092.cms?from=mdr (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gould, C.F.; Schlesinger, S.; Toasa, A.O.; Thurber, M.; Waters, W.F.; Graham, J.P.; Jack, D.W. Government policy, clean fuel access, and persistent fuel stacking in Ecuador. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2018, 46, 111–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Propulica. Undercooked: An Expensive Push to Save Lives and Protect the Planet Falls Short. 2018. Available online: https://www.propublica.org/article/cookstoves-push-to-protect-the-planet-falls-short (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- World Bank Team; World Bank, Washington, DC, USA. Personal Communication, 2018.
- WB. Clean and Improved Cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2014. Available online: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/164241468178757464/pdf/98664-REVISED-WP-P146621-PUBLIC-Box393185B.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Nguyen, S.T.; Ho-Tran, N.A. An Investigation on Energy Efficiency of Infrared and Induction Cooktops. In Proceedings of the 2020 Applying New Technology in Green Buildings (ATiGB), Da Nang, Vietnam, 12–13 March 2021; pp. 115–119. [Google Scholar]
- Tama, A. Deployment of Electric Induction Technologies into Cooktops Plates as a Part of Energy Sustainability. Smart Grid Renew. Energy 2022, 13, 55–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rastogi, S.; Satsangi, N.; Singh, T. India eCookBook: Electrifying Indian Kitchens; MECS eCookBook; MECS: Loughborough, UK, 2022; Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/India-eCookbook-21-compressed.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Naluwagga, A.; Tesfamichael, M. Uganda eCookBook; MECS eCookBook; MECS: Loughborough, UK, 2022; Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Uganda-eCookbook-.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS, Hivos Southeast Asia, YiMon Electronics, the Foundation for Renewable Energy and Ecology (FREE), Green Rights Organisation (GRO) and Save the Natural Resources. Myanmar eCookBook: Save Time and Money by Cooking With Modern Energy-Efficient Appliances. Burmese Version. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Myanmar-eCookbook-Burmese.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- TaTEDO; DfID; Loughborough University. The Tanzania eCookBook; Loughborough University: Loughborough, UK, 2020; ISBN 978-9976-5684-0-0. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Tanzania-Ecook-Book-text-web.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Serenje, N.; Njobvu, C.; Phiri, P. Zambia’s Modern Energy Cookbook: The Future of Zambian Cooking; MECS eCookBook; MECS: Loughborough, UK, 2022; Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Zambias-modern-energy-cookbook-the-future-of-Zambian-cooking.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS. The Kenya eCookbook: Beans & Cereals Edition. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/the-kenya-ecookbook/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gautam, B. Nepal E-Cookbook; MECS eCookBook; MECS: Loughborough, UK, 2022; Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Nepal-eCookbook.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- NYTimes. Inside the Home of Instant Pot, the Kitchen Gadget That Spawned a Religion. 2018. Available online: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/business/instant-pot.html (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. Cooking with Electricity: A Cost Perspective; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; Available online: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34566 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S.; Brown, E.; Scott, N.; Leary, J. Experiences of Electric Pressure Cookers in East Africa? In Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022; pp. 385–418. [Google Scholar]
- Coutoure, T.; Jacobs, D. Beyond Fire How to Achieve Electric Cooking WFC, Hivos. 2019. Available online: https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Beyond-Fire_-How-to-achieve-electric-cooking.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Rousseau, N.; Rousseau, F.; Shaeffera, R.; Rousseau, S.; Schmidt, X.; Frankowsk, A. Comparison of Energy Use and GHG Emissions When Cooking Roast Chicken: Electric Pressure Cooker/Air Fryer vs. Conventional Oven. 2022. Available online: https://instantbrands.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Energy-Use-GHG-emission-Report_final_01062022.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- ESMAP. The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services (English); World Bank Group: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; Available online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/937141600195758792/The-State-of-Access-to-Modern-Energy-Cooking-Services (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- ESMAP. The Clean Cooking Planning Tool: A New Resource to Explore the Costs and Benefits of Transitioning to Clean Cooking. 2022. Available online: https://energydata.info/cleancooking/planningtool/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Kojima, M. Primary Household Energy for Cooking and Heating in 52 Developing Economies ESMAP World Bank. 2021. Available online: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35947/Primary-Household-Energy-for-Cooking-and-Heating-in-52-Developing-Economies.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Pope, D.; Johnson, M.; Fleeman, N.; Jagoe, K.; Duarte, R.; Maden, M.; Ludolph, R.; Bruce, N.; Shupler, M.; Adair-Rohani, H.; et al. Are cleaner cooking solutions clean enough? A systematic review and meta-analysis of particulate and carbon monoxide concentrations and exposures. Environ. Res. Lett. 2021, 16, 083002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ESCAP, United Nations. A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Clean and Improved Cooking Interventions on Adoption Outcomes and Health Impacts. 2021. Available online: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/Report%20-A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20the%20Impacts%20of%20Clean%20and%20Improved%20Cooking%20interventions%20on%20Adoption%20Outcomes%20and%20Health%20Impacts.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Simkovich, S.M.; Williams, K.N.; Pollard, S.; Dowdy, D.; Sinharoy, S.; Clasen, T.F.; Puzzolo, E.; Checkley, W. A systematic review to evaluate the association between clean cooking technologies and time use in low-and middle-income countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Onakomaiya, D.; Gyamfi, J.; Iwelunmor, J.; Opeyemi, J.; Oluwasanmi, M.; Obiezu-Umeh, C.; Dalton, M.; Nwaozuru, U.; Ojo, T.; Vieira, D.; et al. Implementation of clean cookstove interventions and its effects on blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: Systematic review. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e026517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kumar, N.; Phillip, E.; Cooper, H.; Davis, M.; Langevin, J.; Clifford, M.; Stanistreet, D. Do improved biomass cookstove interventions improve indoor air quality and blood pressure? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 290, 117997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ESMAP. What Drives the Transition to Modern Energy Cooking Services: A Systematic Review of the Evidence (English); Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Technical Report, 015/21; World Bank Group: Washington, DC, USA, 2021; Available online: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/518251613714281312/What-Drives-the-Transition-to-Modern-Energy-Cooking-Services-A-Systematic-Review-of-the-Evidence (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Vigolo, V.; Sallaku, R.; Testa, F. Drivers and barriers to clean cooking: A systematic literature review from a consumer behavior perspective. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ochieng, C.A.; Zhang, Y.; Nyabwa, J.K.; Otieno, D.I.; Spillane, C. Household perspectives on cookstove and fuel stacking: A qualitative study in urban and rural Kenya. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2020, 59, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Price, M.; Barnard-Tallier, M.; Troncoso, K. Stacked: In Their Favour? The Complexities of Fuel Stacking and Cooking Transitions in Cambodia, Myanmar, and Zambia. Energies 2021, 14, 4457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ESMAP. Multi Tier Framework. 2018. Available online: https://mtfenergyaccess.esmap.org/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Padam, G.; Rysankova, D.; Portale, E.; Koo, B.B.; Keller, S.; Fleurantin, G. Ethiopia–Beyond Connections: Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Samad, H.A.; Koo, B.B.; Rysankova, D.; Portale, E. Bangladesh-Beyond Connections: Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Brutinel, M.; Wang, Y.; Koo, B.B.; Portale, E.; Rysankova, D. São Tomé and Príncipe-Beyond Connections: Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Dave, R.; Keller, S.; Koo, B.B.; Fleurantin, G.; Portale, E.; Rysankova, D. Cambodia–Beyond Connections. Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Pinto, A.; Yoo, H.K.; Portale, E.; Rysankova, D. Nepal-Beyond Connections. Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Luzi, L.; Lin, Y.; Koo, B.B.; Rysankova, D.; Portale, E. Zambia–Beyond Connections. Energy Access Diagnostic Report Based on the Multi-Tier Framework; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, N.; Jones, T.; Batchelor, S. Ethiopia; Cooking Transitions—An Analysis of Multi-Tier Framework Data for Insights into Transitions to Modern Energy Cooking. 2020. Available online: https://www.mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Ethiopia-Cooking-transitions-31032020.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Price, M.; Jones, T.; Batchelor, S. Cambodia; Cooking Transitions—An Analysis of Multi-Tier Framework Data for Insights into Transitions to Modern Energy Cooking. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MTF-Cambodia-04112020.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Price, M.; Jones, T.; Scott, N. Zambia; Cooking Transitions—An analysis of Multi-Tier Framework Data for Insights into Transitions to Modern Energy Cooking. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Zambia-cooking-transitions-MTF.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- CCA. The Water Boiling Test Version 4.2.3. 2014. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/DOCUMENT/file/000/000/399-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- PCIA. The Water Boiling Test (WBT) Version 4. 2009. Available online: https://pciaonline.org/node/1048/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Shell. Controlled Cooking Test (CCT). 2004. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/DOCUMENT/file/000/000/80-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Bailis, R.; Thompson, R.; Lam, N.; Berrueta, V.; Muhwezi, G.; Adams, E. Kitchen Performance Test (KPT). 2018. Available online: https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/DOCUMENT/file/000/000/604-1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, J.; Batchelor, S.; Scott, N. Cooking Diaries 3.0 Protocols. 2020. Available online: https://www.mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Cooking-Diaries-3.0-Protocols-JL-9-9-19-LOW-RES.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- A2EI. A2EI’S Impact Survey Bot (ISB) Access To Energy Institute. 2022. Available online: https://a2ei.org/resources/uploads/2021/06/A2EI_Impact_Survey_Bot.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- GLPGP. Assessing Potential for bioLPG Production and Use within the Cooking Energy Sector in Africa. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/blog/assessing-potential-for-biolpg-production-and-use-within-the-cooking-energy-sector-in-africa-a-ground-breaking-new-report-issued-by-mecs-and-the-global-lpg-partnership/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- AIGLP. LPG Industry Aims for 100% Transition to bioLPG by 2040. 2019. Available online: https://aiglp.org/lpg-industry-aims-for-100-transition-to-biolpg-by-2040/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Black, M.J.; Roy, A.; Twinomunuji, E.; Kemausuor, F.; Oduro, R.; Leach, M.; Sadhukhan, J.; Murphy, R. Bottled Biogas—An Opportunity for Clean Cooking in Ghana and Uganda. Energies 2021, 14, 3856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whitehouse, R. Ethanol for Cooking Can Help Reduce Africa’s Energy Poverty The Africa Report. 2019. Available online: https://www.theafricareport.com/14506/ethanol-for-cooking-can-help-reduce-africas-energy-poverty/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Energycentral. Green Light for a Green Hydrogen Economy in Africa. 2021. Available online: https://energycentral.com/news/green-light-green-hydrogen-economy-africa (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Bailis, R.; Drigo, R.; Ghilardi, A.; Masera, O. The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat. Clim. Change 2015, 5, 266–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOWE Uganda. State of Uganda’s Forestry 2016. 2016. Available online: https://www.mwe.go.ug/sites/default/files/State%20of%20Uganda%27s%20Forestry-2015.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Mongabay. Deforestation Statistics for Uganda. 2022. Available online: https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Uganda.htm (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Drigo, R.; Bailis, R.; Ghil, A.; Masera, O. Analysis of Wood Fuel Supply, Demand and Sustainability in Kenya; Yale-UNAM Project. Modeling of Non-Renewable Biomass: WISDOM and Beyond; Clean Cooking Alliance: Washington, DC, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Nyika, J.; Adediran, A.A.; Olayanju, A.; Adesina, O.S.; Edoziuno, F.O. The Potential of Biomass in Africa and the Debate on Its Carbon Neutrality. In Biotechnological Applications of Biomass; Basso, T.P., Basso, T.O., Basso, L.C., Eds.; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Favero, A.; Daigneault, A.; Sohngen, B. Forests: Carbon sequestration, biomass energy, or both? Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eaay6792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buchholz, T.; Hurteau, M.D.; Gunn, J.; Saah, D. A global meta-analysis of forest bioenergy greenhouse gas emission accounting studies. GCB Bioenergy 2016, 8, 281–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchanan, G.M.; Field, R.H.; Bradbury, R.B.; Luraschi, B.; Vickery, J.A. The impact of tree loss on carbon management in West Africa. Carbon Manag. 2021, 12, 623–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO. Benefits of Action to Reduce Household Air Pollution (BAR-HAP) Tool (Version 2, July 2021). 2021. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/benefits-of-action-to-reduce-household-air-pollution-(bar-hap)-tool-(version-2-july-2021) (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary. Kenya eCooking Market Assessment February 2022. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Kenya-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Sakyi-Nyarko, C. Mozambique eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Mozambique-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Price, M.; Tesfamichael, M.; Chapungu, V. Uganda eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Uganda-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Bisaga, I.; Menyeh, B. Rwanda eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Rwanda-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Barnard-Tallier, M.; Troncoso, K.; Sieff, R. Nepal eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Nepal-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Sieff, R.; Troncoso, K.; Tesfamichael, M. Ethiopia eCooking Market Assessment Presentation. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Ethiopia-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Stritzke, S. Benin eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Benin-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Barnard-Tallier, M. Bangladesh eCooking Market Assessment. MECS-EnDev eCooking Market Assessment. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MECS-EnDev-Bangladesh-eCooking-Market-Assessment.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Sokh, C.; Em, M.; Diaz, L.; Lee, L. Learning to Cook through Time among Different Generations in Cambodia. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Learning-to-Cook-through-time-among-different-generations-in-Cambodia.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Ockwell, D.; Byrne, R.; Atela, J.; Chengo, V.; Onsongo, E.; Fodio Todd, J.; Kasprowicz, V.; Ely, A. Transforming Access to Clean Energy Technologies in the Global South: Learning from Lighting Africa in Kenya. Energies 2021, 14, 4362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GPA. The State of the Humanitarian Energy Sector 2022. 2022. Available online: https://www.humanitarianenergy.org/what-is-the-gpa/resources-and-tools/the-state-of-the-humanitarian-energy-sector-2022/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Tran, A.; To, L.S.; Bisaga, I. Landscape Analysis of Modern Energy Cooking in Displacement Settings; Loughborough University: Loughborough, UK, 2021; Available online: https://hdl.handle.net/2134/14213192.v1 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- GPA. Training: Inclusive Energy Access 101 (Self-Paced Edition). 2021. Available online: https://www.humanitarianenergy.org/news/latest/training-inclusive-energy-access-101 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Bisaga, I.; To, L.S. Funding and Delivery Models for Modern Energy Cooking Services in Displacement Settings: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 4176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MECS. MECS Webinar on Modern Energy for Cooking in Institutional Settings. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/mecs-webinar-on-modern-energy-for-cooking-in-institutional-settings/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Mukamugema, A.; Mshenga, P.M.; Birachi, A.E. Barriers to institutional adoption of new products innovation: A case of precooked beans among schools in Rwanda. J. Agribus. Rural. Dev. 2019, 52, 139–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mukamugema, A. Ex-Ante Evaluation of Economic and Environmental Effects of Using Precooked Bean Products by Schools in Rwanda. Doctoral Dissertation, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, N.; Barnard-Tallier, M.; Clements, A.; Inston, R.; Lapworth, S.; Price, M. Landscaping Study—Modern Foods. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Landscape-Study-Modern-Foods-and-Eating-Habits.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Aloyce, K.; Ngaya, A. Electric Pressure Cookers for Large Scale and Institutional Cooking: The Tanzanian Experience with a 40L EPC. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Electric-pressure-cookers-for-large-scale-and-institutional-cooking-the-Tanzanian-experience.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Cowan, B. Alleviation of Poverty through the Provision of Local Energy Services (APPLES), Energy Research Centre. In Identification and Demonstration of Selected Energy Best Practices for Low-Income Urban Communities in South Africa; University of Cape Town: Cape Town, South Africa, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Leach, M.; Mullen, C.; Lee, J.; Soltowski, B.; Wade, N.; Galloway, S.; Coley, W.; Keddar, S.; Scott, N.; Batchelor, S. Modelling the Costs and Benefits of Modern Energy Cooking Services—Methods and Case Studies. Energies 2021, 14, 3371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuma, J.C.; Sawe, E.; Clements, A.; Meena, S.B.; Aloyce, K.; Ngaya, A.E. eCooking Delivery Models: Approach to Designing Delivery Models for Electric Pressure Cookers with Case Study for Tanzania. Energies 2022, 15, 771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rousseau, N.; Leach, M.; Scott, N.; Bricknell, M.; Leary, J.; Abagi, N.; Kumar, V.; Rastogi, S.; Brown, E.; Batchelor, S. Overcoming the “Affordability Challenge” Associated with the Transition to Electric Cooking. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MECS-report-affordability-challenge-Final-2.1.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS. Clean Cooking: Results-Based Financing as A Potential Scale-Up Tool for The Sector. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/79864-MECS-Research-Report-Results-based-financing-RBF-6.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS. Clean Cooking: Financing Appliances for End Users. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Clean-Cooking-Financing-Appliances-for-End-Users.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS. Clean Cooking: Scaling Up with Crowdfunding. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Clean-Cooking-Scaling-With-Crowdfunding.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Sánchez-Jacob, E.; González-García, A.; Mazorra, J.; Ciller, P.; Lumbreras, J.; Pérez-Arriaga, J.I. Joint Optimal Planning of Electricity and Modern Energy Cooking Services Access in Nyagatare. Energies 2021, 14, 4093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soltowski, B.; Galloway, S.; Coley, W.; Strachan, S. Impact of New Electric Cooking Appliances on the Low Voltage Distribution Network and Off-Grid Solar Microgrids. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Impact-of-New-Electric-Cooking-Appliances-on-the-Low-Voltage-Distribution-Network-and-Off-Grid-Solar-Microgrids.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Kumar Pillai, R.; Suri, R.; Kundu, S.; Karnam, B.; Kumar, A.; Sarkar Roy, S. Electric Cooking—The Way Forward. In ISUW 2021; Springer: Singapore, 2022; pp. 445–459. [Google Scholar]
- Scott, N.; Coley, W. Understanding Load Profiles of Mini-Grid Customers in Tanzania. Energies 2021, 14, 4207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kweka, A.; Clements, A.; Bomba, M.; Schürhoff, N.; Bundala, J.; Mgonda, E.; Nilsson, M.; Avila, E.; Scott, N. Tracking the Adoption of Electric Pressure Cookers among Mini-Grid Customers in Tanzania. Energies 2021, 14, 4574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clements, W.; Pandit, S.; Bajracharya, P.; Butchers, J.; Williamson, S.; Gautam, B.; Harper, P. Techno-Economic Modelling of Micro-Hydropower Mini-Grids in Nepal to Improve Financial Sustainability and Enable Electric Cooking. Energies 2021, 14, 4232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keddar, S.; Strachan, S.; Soltowski, B.; Galloway, S. An Overview of the Technical Challenges Facing the Deployment of Electric Cooking on Hybrid PV/Diesel Mini-Grid in Rural Tanzania—A Case Study Simulation. Energies 2021, 14, 3761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lombardi, F.; Riva, F.; Sacchi, M.; Colombo, E. Enabling combined access to electricity and clean cooking with PV-microgrids: New evidences from a high-resolution model of cooking loads. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2019, 49, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Buskirk, R.; Kachione, L.; Robert, G.; Kanyerere, R.; Gilbert, C.; Majoni, J. How to Make Off-Grid Solar Electric Cooking Cheaper Than Wood-Based Cooking. Energies 2021, 14, 4293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batchelor, S. Solar Electric Cooking in Africa in 2020: A Synthesis of the Possibilities; Evidence on Demand; Department for International Development: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Antonanzas-Torres, F.; Urraca, R.; Guerrero, C.A.C.; Blanco-Fernandez, J. Solar E-Cooking with Low-Power Solar Home Systems for Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability 2021, 13, 12241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gius, G.; Walker, M.; Li, A.; Adams, N.J.; Van Buskirk, R.; Schwartz, P. Hot diodes!: Dirt cheap cooking and electricity for the global poor? Dev. Eng. 2019, 4, 100044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batchelor, S.; Talukder, M.A.R.; Uddin, M.R.; Mondal, S.K.; Islam, S.; Redoy, R.K.; Hanlin, R.; Khan, M.R. Solar e-cooking: A proposition for solar home system integrated clean cooking. Energies 2018, 11, 2933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rezwan Khan, M. Solar PV Integrated Clean Cooking for Grid Connected Areas: A Field Implementation. MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Solar-PV-integrated-clean-cooking-for-grid-connected-areas-A-field-implementation.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Pesitho. Cleaning the Air through Cooking: Providing Alternative Energy Solutions for Cooking Practices in the Bidibidi Refugee Settlement in Yumbe District in Uganda. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MECS-TRIID-Pesitho-Final-Report.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Barton, J. Functions, Features and Performance of the 1.5 Litre Vektra Vacuum Insulated Kettle. MECS Project Working Paper. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Vektra-Vacuum-Kettle-Examination-and-Testing-Final-V1.0.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Barton, J. A Comparison of Functions and Safety Features on the Thermo Pot Water Boiler. MECS Project Working Paper. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Thermo-Pot-Water-Boiler-Examination-and-Testing-Final-V1.0.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Global LEAP Awards. 2020 Buyer’s Guide for Electric Pressure Cookers. 2020. Available online: https://storage.googleapis.com/e4a-website-assets/2020-Global-LEAP-EPC-Buyers-Guide.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Scode. Development and Evaluation of a Direct Current Solar Electric Pressure Cooker Unit. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Development-and-evaluation-of-a-direct-current-solar-electric-pressure-cooker-unit.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Lakew Tesema, H.; Tesfaye, G.; Paulos, M.; Tesfamichael, M.; Mulugetta, Y. Kitchen Lab Test: Ethiopia. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/MECS-Kitchen-lab-report-Ethiopia.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. eWant 24V DC 5 Litre Cooker—Fit for Purpose and a Good Size. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/eWant-24V-DC-5-litre-cooker.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. Low Power Electric Pressure Cookers. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Low-Power-Electric-Pressure-Cookers.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Monk, N. An Investigation into the Functionality and Efficiency of an Electric Pressure Cooker Bought in Kenya Intended for the Domestic Market: Sayona PPS. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Sayona-EPC-Description-and-Test-Results-V1.0.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. Mash, Beans, Viscosity and Power in Electric Pressure Cookers. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Mash-Beans-Viscosity-and-Power-in-Electric-Pressure-Cookers.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Barton, J.; Monk, N.; Blanchard, R. A Comparison of Functions and Safety Features on Electric Pressure Cookers, Working Paper for the MECS Project. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Electric-Pressure-Cookers-Compared-WP_V1.0.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. Larger Electric Pressure Cookers; Are They a Possibility for Institutions? Test Runs on Three Larger EPCs. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Large-electric-pressure-cookers.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Njobvu, C.; Serenje, N.; Price, M.; Yamba, F. MECS Kitchen Laboratory—Zambia: Initial Testing for the Zambian eCookBook. MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/MECS-Kitchen-Laboratory-%E2%80%93-Zambia.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Batchelor, S. eWant 24V DC Cooker—Fit for Purpose. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/eWant-24V-DC-cooker.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Monk, N.; Blanchard, R.; Barton, J. Side-by-Side Testing to Assess the Benefits of Adding Insulation to a Commercial Electric Pressure Cooker Using the ‘Aobosi YBW60′ 6 Litre. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Aobosi-side-by-side-mini-report.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Blanchard, R. A Brief Performance and Safety Assessment of a 24V DC Rice Cooker Intended for the Chinese Domestic Market. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Rmier-Rice-cooker-Final-V1.0.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Geres. Rural Energy Access for Communities and Households (REACH)—MECS ECO Project: Cooking Diaries Study in Myanmar. MECS-ECO Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Rural-Energy-Access-For-Communities-And-Households-REACH-%E2%80%93-MECS-ECO-Project-Cooking-Diaries-Study-In-Myanmar.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Sokh, C.; Zafar, S.; Moung, V.; Harper, J. Cambodia Cooking Diaries Study. MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Cambodia-Cooking-Diaries-Study.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Jones, T.; Scott, N.; Clements, A. A2EI Mini-grid Cooking Diaries Data Analysis: Bezi & Mavota (Tanzania). MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Bezi-Mavota-Phase-1-2-Cooking-Diaries-Analysis-v8-formatted-clean.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Serenje, N.; Price, M. Zambia Cooking Diaries 2.0 Follow Up Survey. MECS Programme Report. 2020. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Cooking-diaries-Follow-up-survey-Zambia-report.docx.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, J.; Scott, N.; Numi, A.; Chepkurui, K.; Hanlin, R.; Chepkemoi, M.; Batchelor, S. eCook Kenya Cooking Diaries. MECS Project Working Paper. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/eCook-Kenya-Cooking-Diaries-September-2019-Working-Paper.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, L.; Scott, N.; Sago, S.; Minja, A.; Batchelor, S.; Chepkurui, K.; Sawe, E. eCook Tanzania Cooking Diaries. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/eCook-Tanzania-Cooking-Diaries-Working-Paper-13-10-19-JL-COMPRESSED.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, J.; Scott, N.; Serenje, N.; Mwila, F.; Batchelor, S. eCook Zambia Cooking Diaries. MECS Project Working Paper. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/eCook-Zambia-Cooking-Diaries-Report-JL-13-10-19-COMPRESSED.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Scott, N.; Archer, L. Basic Use of Electricity for Cooking (Zambia). 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Basic-use-of-electricity-for-cooking-Zambia.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Saha, A.; Razzak, M.A.; Khan, M.R. Electric Cooking Diary in Bangladesh: Energy Requirement, Cost of Cooking Fuel, Prospects, and Challenges. Energies 2021, 14, 6910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clements, W.; Silwal, K.; Pandit, S.; Leary, J.; Gautam, B.; Williamson, S.; Tran, A.; Harper, P. Unlocking electric cooking on Nepali micro-hydropower mini-grids. Energy Sustain. Dev. 2020, 57, 119–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Inston, R.; Scott, N. Costs of Cooking with Different Fuels: A Case Study from Mini-Grids in Tanzania. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Costs-of-cooking-with-different-fuels-a-case-study-from-mini-grids-in-Tanzania.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, J.; Scott, N.; Hlaing, W.W.; Myint, A.; Sane, S.; Win, P.P.; Phyu, T.M.; Moe, E.T.; Htay, T.; Batchelor, S. eCook Myanmar Cooking Diaries-October 2019 Working Paper; MECS: Loughborough, UK, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Rezwan Khan, M. eCook Bangladesh: Cooking Diary and Appliance Testing. MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Cooking-Diary-and-Appliance-Testing-Bangladesh.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Winrock. Efficient Electric Cooking Market Uptake in Nepal (EECMU). 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Efficient-Electric-Cooking-Market-Uptake-in-Nepal-EECMU.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Leary, J.; Menyeh, B.; Chapungu, V.; Troncoso, K. eCooking: Challenges and Opportunities from a Consumer Behaviour Perspective. Energies 2021, 14, 4345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puzzolo, E.; Stanistreet, D.; Pope, D.; Bruce, N.; Rehfuess, E. Systematic Review Factors Influencing the Large-Scale Uptake by Households of Cleaner and More Efficient Household Energy Technologies; University of London: London, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Moung, V.; Sayphearak, M.; Harper, J. Cambodia Cookstove Discrete Choice Modeling Report. MECS Programme Report. 2021. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Cambodia-Cookstove-Discrete-Choice-Modeling-Report.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Scott, N.; Batchelor, S.; Suzan Abbo, M.; Akankwatsa, D. Discrete Choice Modelling Survey, Uganda. MECS Project Working Paper. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MECS-Discrete-Choice-Analysis-Uganda.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Scott, N.; Batchelor, S.; Bawakyillenuo, S.; Jones, T. Discrete Choice Modelling Survey, Ghana. MECS Project Working Paper. 2019. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/MECS-Discrete-Choice-Analysis-Ghana.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Scott, N.; Barnard-Tallier, M.; Batchelor, S. Losing the Energy to Cook: An Exploration of Modern Food Systems and Energy Consumption in Domestic Kitchens. Energies 2021, 14, 4004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelkar, G. Cultural and Economic Barriers in Switching to Clean Cooking Energy: Does Women’s Agency Make a Difference? Energies 2021, 14, 7242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perros, T.; Buettner, P.; Parikh, P. Understanding Pay-As-You-Go LPG Customer Behaviour. 2021. Available online: https://m.tuvanbenhly.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Understanding-Pay-As-You-Go-LPG-Customer-Behaviour.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- World Health Organization. Increasing Access to Clean Cooking through Subsidies (No. WHO/HEP/ECH/AQH/2022.1); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Kojima, M. Subsidizing Bottled Gas: Approaches and Effects on Household Use World Bank. 2021. Available online: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35948/Subsidizing-Bottled-Gas-Approaches-and-Effects-on-Household-Use.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Patnaik, S.; Jha, S. Caste, class and gender in determining access to energy: A critical review of LPG adoption in India. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2020, 67, 101530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mani, S.; Jain, A.; Tripathi, S.; Gould, C.F. The drivers of sustained use of liquified petroleum gas in India. Nat. Energy 2020, 5, 450–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gould, C.F.; Hou, X.; Richmond, J.; Sharma, A.; Urpelainen, J. Jointly modeling the adoption and use of clean cooking fuels in rural India. Environ. Res. Commun. 2020, 2, 085004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swain, S.S.; Mishra, P. Determinants of adoption of cleaner cooking energy: Experience of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana in rural Odisha, India. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 248, 119223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ESMAP. The Clean Cooking Fund World Bank. 2020. Available online: https://www.esmap.org/clean-cooking-fund (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- BGFA. Beyond the Grid Fund for Africa. 2022. Available online: https://beyondthegrid.africa/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- MECS New Research By MECS And Climatecare Has Potential To Scale Provision Of Clean Cooking By Unlocking Carbon Credits For Electric Cooking—Tackling Climate Change And Improving Lives. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/press-release-new-research-by-mecs-and-climatecare-has-potential-to-scale-provision-of-clean-cooking-by-unlocking-carbon-credits-for-electric-cooking-tackling-climate-change-and-improving-lives/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gold Standard. Methodology for Metered Energy Cooking Devices. 2021. Available online: https://www.goldstandard.org/sites/default/files/documents/methodology_for_metered_cooking_devices_v1.0_consultation_may2021.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Kılıç, U.; Kekezoğlu, B. A Review of Solar Photovoltaic Incentives and Policy: Selected Countries and Turkey. Ain Shams Eng. J. 2022, 13, 101669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- George, A.; Boxiong, S.; Arowo, M.; Ndolo, P.; Shimmon, J. Review of solar energy development in Kenya: Opportunities and challenges. Renew. Energy Focus 2019, 29, 123–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juma, A.; Chitedze, I. Redefining Benefits and Beneficiaries of Duty and Tax Waiver on Imports of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies: The Case of Malawi. J. Sustain. Dev. Stud. 2019, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyusheva, I.V.; Myaw, G.Y. Solar Energy Development and Market Expansion in South-East Asia: The Case of Myanmar and Vietnam. Cent. Asian Econ. Rev. 2019, 1, 77–83. [Google Scholar]
- Batchelor, S. Consumer Journey; Acquiring a Modern Energy Cooking Service. MECS Programme Working Paper. 2022. Available online: https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Consumer-Journey-Acquiring-a-Modern-Energy-Cooking-Service.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Asia Development Bank. Tariff Appraisal Study: Balancing Sustainability and Efficiency with Inclusive Access; Asia Development Bank: Metro Manila, Philippines, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christley, E.; Ljungberg, H.; Ackom, E.; Nerini, F.F. Sustainable energy for slums? Using the Sustainable Development Goals to guide energy access efforts in a Kenyan informal settlement. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2021, 79, 102176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leary, J.; Leach, M.; Batchelor, S.; Scott, N.; Brown, E. Battery-supported eCooking: A transformative opportunity for 2.6 billion people who still cook with biomass. Energy Policy 2021, 159, 112619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ESREM. Policy Guidelines for the Development of Pro-Poor Electricity Tariffs and Charges. 2021. Available online: https://rerasadc.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Draft-Lifeline-Tariff-Policy-Guidelines.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Energypedia. Sub-Sahara Africa Electricity End User Tariffs. 2021. Available online: https://energypedia.info/wiki/Sub-Sahara_Africa_Electricity_End_User_Tariffs (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- ERA. Energy Minister Launches Reviewed Electricity Tariff Structure Uganda. 2021. Available online: https://www.era.go.ug/index.php/media-centre/what-s-new/371-energy-minister-launches-reviewed-electricity-tariff-structure (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Gov of Nepal. Assessment of Electric Cooking Targets for Nepal’s 2020 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). 2021. Available online: https://www.mofe.gov.np/downloadfile/E-cooking%20Assmnt_NDC%202020_1623998059.pdf (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Kojima, M.; Trimble, C. Making Power Affordable for Africa and Viable for Its Utilities; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2016; Available online: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/25091 (accessed on 24 June 2022).
- Climate Home news. African Nations’ Dash for Gas Exposes Division at the UN and ‘Hypocrisy’ in Europe. 2022. Available online: https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/05/25/african-nations-dash-for-gas-exposes-division-at-the-un-and-hypocrisy-in-europe/ (accessed on 24 June 2022).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Batchelor, S.; Brown, E.; Scott, N.; Leach, M.; Clements, A.; Leary, J. Mutual Support—Modern Energy Planning Inclusive of Cooking—A Review of Research into Action in Africa and Asia since 2018. Energies 2022, 15, 5805. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165805
Batchelor S, Brown E, Scott N, Leach M, Clements A, Leary J. Mutual Support—Modern Energy Planning Inclusive of Cooking—A Review of Research into Action in Africa and Asia since 2018. Energies. 2022; 15(16):5805. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165805
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatchelor, Simon, Ed Brown, Nigel Scott, Matthew Leach, Anna Clements, and Jon Leary. 2022. "Mutual Support—Modern Energy Planning Inclusive of Cooking—A Review of Research into Action in Africa and Asia since 2018" Energies 15, no. 16: 5805. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165805