Optimisation and Management of Energy Generated by a Multifunctional MFC-Integrated Composite Chassis for Rail Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Finite Element Analysis of the Vehicle
2.1. Finite Element Model
2.2. Vibration Data Analysis
2.3. Stress Responses Used for Power Prediction
3. Power Generation and Management
3.1. AC Power Prediction Using MFC Piezoelectric Material
3.2. Rectified Power Prediction
4. Discussion on Use of Power Budget
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CFRP | carbon fiber reinforced polymer |
FBR | full-bridge rectifiers |
FEA | finite element analysis |
MFC | micro fiber composites |
SO | switch-only |
SSHC | synchronized switch harvesting capacitors |
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Elastic Modulus (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio | Density (kg/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|
Steel | 210 | 0.29 | 7850 |
Aluminium | 69 | 0.3 | 2700 |
CFRP (RC200T) [29] | Ex = 59.45, Ey = 60.30, Ez = 3.90 Gxy = 62.90, Gyz = 1.50, Gxz = 62.35 | υxy = 0.3 υyz = 0.4 υxz = 0.3 | 1800 |
Mode | Freq. (Hz) |
---|---|
1st bending (Figure 4b) | 6.018 |
2nd bending | 19.935 |
1st torsional (Figure 4c) | 6.763 |
2nd torsional | 14.407 |
3rd torsional | 21.921 |
1st lateral | 23.839 |
Ex (GPa) | Ey (GPa) | Gxy (GPa) | νxy | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
30.34 | 15.86 | 5.52 | 0.31 | 5400 |
Charge Constant d31 (pC/N) | −170 |
Charge constant d33 (pC/N) | 400 |
Capacitance per unit area Cp (nF/cm2) | 7.8 |
Dielectric permittivity εp | 0.15 |
Rectifiers | Peak Power (mW) | Optimal VS (V) |
---|---|---|
FBR | 21.2 | 48 |
Switch-only | 42.3 | 96 |
SSHC (1-cap) | 63.4 | 144 |
SSHC (2-cap) | 84.6 | 192 |
SSHC (4-cap) | 126.9 | 288 |
SSHC (8-cap) | 181.9 | 300 |
Peak Rectified Power (mW) | Percentage (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MFC No. | FBR | Switch-only | SSHC (1-cap) | SSHC (2-cap) | SSHC (4-cap) | SSHC (8-cap) | |
1 | 0.28 | 0.56 | 0.84 | 1.12 | 1.68 | 2.79 | 1.2 |
2 | 0.31 | 0.61 | 0.92 | 1.23 | 1.84 | 3.06 | 1.3 |
3 | 11.89 | 23.78 | 35.67 | 47.57 | 71.35 | 118.92 | 51.7 |
4 | 9.34 | 18.68 | 28.01 | 37.35 | 56.03 | 93.38 | 40.6 |
5 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.71 | 0.94 | 1.41 | 2.36 | 1.0 |
6 | 0.19 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.77 | 1.16 | 1.94 | 0.8 |
7 | 0.35 | 0.69 | 1.04 | 1.38 | 2.07 | 3.46 | 1.5 |
8 | 0.41 | 0.82 | 1.22 | 1.63 | 2.45 | 4.08 | 1.8 |
Power Budget Item | Power (mW) | Active in Period (%) | Active Time in One Route Cycle (s) | Power in One Route Cycle (mW) |
---|---|---|---|---|
MEMS 9 DOF motion sensor + MPU [42] × 2 units | 0.05 | 100% | 1200 | 1 |
Inclinometers [43] × 2 units | 56.25 | 100% | 1200 | 112.50 |
Distance sensors [44] × 2 units | 13.95 | 100% | 1200 | 27.90 |
Microprocessor unit (MPU) (active mode [45]) × 2 units | 0.36 | 100% | 1200 | 0.72 |
Bluetooth 5 + RF chip (transceiver mode [46]) × 2 units | 27 | 20% | 240 | 10.80 |
Bluetooth 5 + RF chip (sleep mode, clock [46]) × 2 units | 0.045 | 80% | 960 | 0.08 |
Sum | 153.00 |
Type of Rail Harvesting | Energy Harvest | Methodology | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Train induced track vibration | 2–4 V | Experiments | For 6.35 mm track displacement input, from Wang et al. [36] |
0.02–0.2 mW | Experiments Analytical modelling | For slack-type and patch-type piezoelectric transducers, from Wang et al. [37] | |
100.3–157.1 mW | Analytical modelling | With passing train speed from 190 to 200 km/h, from Cleante et al. [38] | |
Electrification of railway stations | 541.6 kW | Electronics simulation | Jiang et al. [41] |
Unsprung mass vibration | 21.4 mW | Analytical modelling | Ghandchi Tehrani et al. [39] |
1–5 wheel health index | Experiments | Wheelwright et al. [40] | |
Sprung mass vibration | 21.2–181.9 mW | Finite element modelling Electronics simulation | This work |
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Liu, Y.; Du, S.; Micallef, C.; Jia, Y.; Shi, Y.; Hughes, D.J. Optimisation and Management of Energy Generated by a Multifunctional MFC-Integrated Composite Chassis for Rail Vehicles. Energies 2020, 13, 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112720
Liu Y, Du S, Micallef C, Jia Y, Shi Y, Hughes DJ. Optimisation and Management of Energy Generated by a Multifunctional MFC-Integrated Composite Chassis for Rail Vehicles. Energies. 2020; 13(11):2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112720
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yiding, Sijun Du, Christopher Micallef, Yu Jia, Yu Shi, and Darren J. Hughes. 2020. "Optimisation and Management of Energy Generated by a Multifunctional MFC-Integrated Composite Chassis for Rail Vehicles" Energies 13, no. 11: 2720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112720