Journal of Eye Movement Research

17 pages, 3956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gaze Transitions when Learning with Multimedia

by Krzysztof Krejtz, Andrew T. Duchowski, Izabela Krejtz, Agata Kopacz and Piotr Chrząstowski-Wachtel

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(1), 1-17; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.5 - 10 Feb 2016

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 147

Abstract

Eye tracking methodology is used to examine the influence of interactive multimedia on the allocation of visual attention and its dynamics during learning. We hypothesized that an interactive simulation promotes more organized switching of attention between different elements of multimedia learning material, e.g., textual description and pictorial visualization. Participants studied a description of an algorithm accompanied either by an interactive simulation, self-paced animation, or static illustration. Using a novel framework for entropy-based comparison of gaze transition matrices, results showed that the interactive simulation elicited more careful visual investigation of the learning material as well as reading of the problem description through to its completion. Full article

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10 pages, 1359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Task-Relevant Spatialized Auditory Cues Enhance Attention Orientation and Peripheral Target Detection in Natural Scenes

by Olli Rummukainen and Catarina Mendonça

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.4 - 26 Jan 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 68

Abstract

Concurrent auditory stimuli have been shown to enhance detection of abstract visual targets in experimental setups with little ecological validity. We presented 11 participants, wearing an eye-tracking device, with a visual detection task in an immersive audiovisual environment replicating a real-world environment. The participants were to fixate on a visual target and to press a key when they were confident of having detected the target. The visual world was accompanied by a taskrelevant or task-irrelevant spatialized sound scene with different onset asynchronies. Our findings indicate task-relevant auditory cues to aid in orienting to and detecting a peripheral but not central visual target. The enhancement is amplified with an increasing amount of audio lead. Full article

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14 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Haptic Feedback in Eye Typing

by Päivi Majaranta, Poika Isokoski, Jussi Rantala, Oleg Špakov, Deepak Akkil, Jari Kangas and Roope Raisamo

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.3 - 2 Jan 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 59

Abstract

Proper feedback is essential in gaze based interfaces, where the same modality is used for both perception and control. We measured how vibrotactile feedback, a form of haptic feedback, compares with the commonly used visual and auditory feedback in eye typing. Haptic feedback was found to produce results that are close to those of auditory feedback; both were easy to perceive and participants liked both the auditory ”click” and the tactile “tap” of the selected key. Implementation details (such as the placement of the haptic actuator) were also found important. Full article

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19 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eye Tracking Scanpath Analysis Techniques on Web Pages: A Survey, Evaluation and Comparison

by Sukru Eraslan, Yeliz Yesilada and Simon Harper

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(1), 1-19; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.2 - 30 Dec 2015

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 87

Abstract

Eye tracking has commonly been used to investigate how users interact with web pages, with the goal of improving their usability. This article comprehensively revisits the techniques that could be applicable to eye tracking data for analysing user scanpaths on web pages. It also uses a third-party eye tracking study to compare these techniques. This allows researchers to recognise existing techniques for their goals, understand how they work and know their strengths and limitations so that they can make an efficient choice for their studies. These techniques can mainly be used for calculating similarities/dissimilarities between scanpaths, computing transition probabilities between web page elements, detecting patterns in scanpaths and identifying common scanpaths. The scanpath analysis techniques are classified into four groups by their goals so that researchers can directly focus on the appropriate techniques for a sequential analysis of user scanpaths on web pages. This article also suggests dealing with the limitations of these techniques by pre-processing eye tracking data, considering cognitive processing and addressing their reductionist approach. Full article

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11 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Syntax Highlighting as an Influencing Factor When Reading and Comprehending Source Code

by T. R. Beelders and Jean-Pierre L. du Plessis

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2016, 9(1), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.9.1.1 - 18 Dec 2015

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 120

Abstract

Syntax Highlighting or Syntax Colouring, Plays a Vital Role in Programming Development Environments by Colour-Coding Various Code Elements Differently. The Supposition Is That This Syntax Highlighting Assists Programmers When Reading and Analysing Code. However, Academic Text Books Are Largely Only Available in Black-and-White Which Could Influence the Comprehension of Novice and Beginner Programmers. This Study Investigated Whether Student Programmers Experience More Difficulty in Reading and Comprehending Source Code When It Is Presented Without Syntax Highlighting. Number of Fixations, Fixation Durations and Regressions Were All Higher for Black-and-White Code than for Colour Code but Not Significantly So. Subjectively Students Indicated That the Colour Code Snippets Were Easier to Read and More Aesthetically Pleasing. Based on the Analysis It Could Be Concluded That Students Do Not Experience Significantly More Difficulty When Reading Code in Black-and-White as Printed in Text Books. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 9, Issue 1 (February 2016) – 5 articles

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