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Volume 14
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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 14, Issue 1 (February 2021) – 6 articles

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12 pages, 544 KiB  
Article
Pupillary Response to Moving Stimuli of Different Speeds
by Yuexin Wang, Yining Guo, Jiajia Wang, Ziyuan Liu and Xuemin Li
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-12; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.3 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 58
Abstract
To investigate the pupillary response to moving stimuli of different speeds and the influence of different luminance environments, 28 participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision were included. The participants were required to track moving optotypes horizontally, and their pupils were recorded on video [...] Read more.
To investigate the pupillary response to moving stimuli of different speeds and the influence of different luminance environments, 28 participants with normal or corrected-to-normal vision were included. The participants were required to track moving optotypes horizontally, and their pupils were recorded on video with an infrared camera. Stimuli of different speeds from 10 to 60 degree per seconds were presented in low (0.01 cd/m2) and moderate (30 cd/m2) luminance environments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the motion stimuli induced pupil dilation in a speed-dependent pattern. The pupil dilation increased as the speed increased, and the pupil dilation gradually increased, then reached saturation. Experiment 2 showed that a stimulus targeting the rod- or cone-mediated pathway could induce pupil dilation in a similar speed-dependent pattern. The absolute but not relative pupil dilation in the cone paradigm was significantly larger than that in the rod paradigm. As the speed increased, the pupil dilation in the cone paradigm reached saturation at speed slower than the rod paradigm. Motion stimuli induced pupil dilation in a speed-dependent pattern, and as the motion speed increased, the pupil dilation gradually increased and reached saturation. The speed required to reach saturation in the cone paradigm was slower than in the rod paradigm. Full article
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9 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Vergence Fusion Sustaining Oscillations
by John Semmlow, Chang Yaramothu, Mitchell Scheiman and Tara L. Alvarez
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-9; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.4 - 28 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 45
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component of disparity vergence contains oscillatory behavior as would be expected if fusion is sustained by visual feedback. This study extends the examination of this behavior to a wider range of frequencies [...] Read more.
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component of disparity vergence contains oscillatory behavior as would be expected if fusion is sustained by visual feedback. This study extends the examination of this behavior to a wider range of frequencies and a larger number of subjects. Full article
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14 pages, 854 KiB  
Article
Manipulating Interword and Interletter Spacing in Cursive Script: An Eye Movements Investigation of Reading Persian
by Ehab W. Hermena
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.6 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 49
Abstract
Persian is an Indo-Iranian language that features a derivation of Arabic cursive script, where most letters within words are connectable to adjacent letters with ligatures. Two experiments are reported where the properties of Persian script were utilized to investigate the effects of reducing [...] Read more.
Persian is an Indo-Iranian language that features a derivation of Arabic cursive script, where most letters within words are connectable to adjacent letters with ligatures. Two experiments are reported where the properties of Persian script were utilized to investigate the effects of reducing interword spacing and increasing the interletter distance (ligature) within a word. Experiment 1 revealed that decreasing interword spacing while extending interletter ligature by the same amount was detrimental to reading speed. Experiment 2 largely replicated these findings. The experiments show that providing the readers with inaccurate word boundary information is detrimental to reading rate. This was achieved by reducing the interword space that follows letters that do not connect to the next letter in Experiment 1, and replacing the interword space with ligature that connected the words in Experiment 2. In both experiments, readers were able to comprehend the text read, despite the considerable costs to reading rates in the experimental conditions. Full article
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13 pages, 3392 KiB  
Article
Object-Gaze Distance: Quantifying Near- Peripheral Gaze Behavior in Real-World Applications
by Felix S. Wang, Julian Wolf, Mazda Farshad, Mirko Meboldt and Quentin Lohmeyer
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.5 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 86
Abstract
Eye tracking (ET) has shown to reveal the wearer’s cognitive processes using the measurement of the central point of foveal vision. However, traditional ET evaluation methods have not been able to take into account the wearers’ use of the peripheral field of vision. [...] Read more.
Eye tracking (ET) has shown to reveal the wearer’s cognitive processes using the measurement of the central point of foveal vision. However, traditional ET evaluation methods have not been able to take into account the wearers’ use of the peripheral field of vision. We propose an algorithmic enhancement to a state-of-the-art ET analysis method, the Object- Gaze Distance (OGD), which additionally allows the quantification of near-peripheral gaze behavior in complex real-world environments. The algorithm uses machine learning for area of interest (AOI) detection and computes the minimal 2D Euclidean pixel distance to the gaze point, creating a continuous gaze-based time-series. Based on an evaluation of two AOIs in a real surgical procedure, the results show that a considerable increase of interpretable fixation data from 23.8 % to 78.3 % of AOI screw and from 4.5 % to 67.2 % of AOI screwdriver was achieved, when incorporating the near-peripheral field of vision. Additionally, the evaluation of a multi-OGD time series representation has shown the potential to reveal novel gaze patterns, which may provide a more accurate depiction of human gaze behavior in multi-object environments. Full article
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13 pages, 632 KiB  
Article
Gaze Aversion in Conversational Settings: An Investigation Based on Mock Job Interview
by Cengiz Acarturk, Bipin Indurkya, Piotr Nawrocki, Bartlomiej Sniezynski, Mateusz Jarosz and Kerem Alp Usal
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-13; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.1 - 19 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 61
Abstract
We report the results of an empirical study on gaze aversion during dyadic human-to-human conversation in an interview setting. To address various methodological challenges in assessing gaze-to-face contact, we followed an approach where the experiment was conducted twice, each time with a different [...] Read more.
We report the results of an empirical study on gaze aversion during dyadic human-to-human conversation in an interview setting. To address various methodological challenges in assessing gaze-to-face contact, we followed an approach where the experiment was conducted twice, each time with a different set of interviewees. In one of them the interviewer’s gaze was tracked with an eye tracker, and in the other the interviewee’s gaze was tracked. The gaze sequences obtained in both experiments were analyzed and modeled as Discrete-Time Markov Chains. The results show that the interviewer made more frequent and longer gaze contacts compared to the interviewee. Also, the interviewer made mostly diagonal gaze aversions, whereas the interviewee made sideways aversions (left or right). We discuss the relevance of this research for Human-Robot Interaction, and discuss some future research problems. Full article
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4 pages, 947 KiB  
Article
Two Electrical Engineers, One Problem, and Evolution Produced the Same Solution: A Historical Note
by Louis F. Dell’Osso
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2021, 14(1), 1-4; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.1.2 - 15 Feb 2021
Viewed by 41
Abstract
This note adds historical context into solving the problem of improving the speed of the step response of a low-order plant in two different types of control systems, a chemical mixing system and the human saccadic system. Two electrical engineers studied the above [...] Read more.
This note adds historical context into solving the problem of improving the speed of the step response of a low-order plant in two different types of control systems, a chemical mixing system and the human saccadic system. Two electrical engineers studied the above problem: one to understand and model how nature and evolution solved it and the other to design a control system to solve it in a man-made commercial system. David A. Robinson discovered that fast and accurate saccades were produced by a pulse-step of neural innervation applied to the extraocular plant. Leonidas M. Mantgiaris invented a method to achieve rapid and accurate chemical mixing by applying a large stimulus for a short period of time and then replacing it with the desired steady-state value (i.e., a “pulse-step” input). Thus, two humans used their brains to: 1) determine how the human brain produced human saccades; and 2) invent a control-system method to produce fast and accurate chemical mixing. That the second person came up with the same method by which his own brain was making saccades may shed light on the question of whether the human brain can fully understand itself. Full article
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