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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 11, Issue 4 (August 2018) – 6 articles

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15 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Precision of Smooth Pursuit in Humans and Head Unrestrained Monkeys

by Jan Churan, Doris I. Braun, Karl R. Gegenfurtner and Frank Bremmer

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.6 - 9 Nov 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 36

Abstract

Direct comparison of results of humans and monkeys is often complicated by differences in experimental conditions. We replicated in head unrestrained macaques experiments of a recent study comparing human directional precision during smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) and saccades to moving targets (Braun & Gegenfurtner, 2016). Directional precision of human SPEM follows an exponential decay function reaching optimal values of 1.5°–3° within 300 ms after target motion onset, whereas precision of initial saccades to moving targets is slightly better. As in humans, we found general agreement in the devel-opment of directional precision of SPEM over time and in the differences between direc-tional precision of initial saccades and SPEM initiation. However, monkeys showed over-all lower precision in SPEM compared to humans. This was most likely due to differences in experimental conditions, such as in the stabilization of the head, which was by a chin and a head rest in human subjects and unrestrained in monkeys. Full article

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14 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Single-Camera Gaze Tracking System Under Natural Light

by Feng Xiao, Dandan Zheng, Kejie Huang, Yue Qiu and Haibin Shen

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-14; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.5 - 20 Oct 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 48

Abstract

Gaze tracking is a human-computer interaction technology, and it has been widely studied in the academic and industrial fields. However, constrained by the performance of the specific sensors and algorithms, it has not been popularized for everyone. This paper proposes a single-camera gaze tracking system under natural light to enable its versatility. The iris center and anchor point are the most crucial factors for the accuracy of the system. The accurate iris center is detected by the simple active contour snakuscule, which is initialized by the prior knowledge of eye anatomical dimensions. After that, a novel anchor point is computed by the stable facial landmarks. Next, second-order mapping functions use the eye vectors and the head pose to estimate the points of regard. Finally, the gaze errors are improved by implementing a weight coefficient on the points of regard of the left and right eyes. The feature position of the iris center achieves an accuracy of 98.87% on the GI4E database when the normalized error is lower than 0.05. The accuracy of the gaze tracking method is superior to the-state-of-the-art appearance-based and feature- based methods on the EYEDIAP database. Full article

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15 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualisation and Interpretation of Student Strategies in Solving Natural Science-Based Tasks Using the Eye-Tracker

by Jana Škrabánková, Lukáš Laš and Petr Bujok

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.4 - 31 Aug 2018

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 52

Abstract

This paper presents a research on students using the Gazepoint device to visualise the prac-tices and strategies that students used in order to solve assignments in the disciplines of natural science. The analysis of visual perception of students is complemented by a ques-tionnaire survey for a group of respondents aged 15–16. The essence of the study was to find out how the students proceeded in monitoring assignments displayed on the screen, how they continued working with the assignments, and whether the layout of the schematics, tables and applied images affected students ‘correctness for the solution. The main aim of the research was to find some similar segments in the experimental data and obtained clus-ters that would suggest a similar approach of problem solving by students—respondents, and to find out if, and possibly how, some strategies in the assignments differ for the talented students from the standard pupil population and compare the outcomes with students’ char-acteristics. The other aim of study was to confirm the presence of gifted students in natural sciences in a given sample of respondents on the basis of eye-tracking technology. Also on the basis of similarities in assigned task solving the aim was to find other students who can be seen similarly to the gifted ones from a view of e.g., physiological dynamics of eyes of the students in the context of the given selected seven tasks in the area of the chemical elements identification. For both groups of students, some basic measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of students‘ work with an assignment displayed on a computer screen. Our results show that in the task solving, one gifted student was identified next to a cluster of four similarly performing students on the basis of eye-movements parameters. Full article

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11 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Eye-Movement Events to Determine the Mental Workload of Surgical Residents

by Gonca Gokce Menekse Dalveren and Nergiz Ercil Cagiltay

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-11; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.3 - 24 Aug 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 49

Abstract

These days, eye-tracking is one of the promising technologies used in different fields such as aviation, arts, sports, psychology and driving for several purposes. Even though it is being used for health purposes, studies involving eye-tracking are rare in the field of endo-neurosurgery. This study aims to use this technology to promote our understanding of the effect related to computer-based instructional materials on mental workload of endo-neurosurgery residents. Four computer-based simulation scenarios are developed based on skill development requirements of endo-neurosurgery residents. Two of them were designed as general models and the other two as simulated surgical models. During these surgery procedures, in real settings, surgical residents need to use their both hands simultaneously to control the endoscope and the operational tool in a coordinated fashion. Therefore, to shed light on the participants’ behaviors, these scenarios are performed with dominant-hand, non-dominant hand and, finally with both-hands using haptic interfaces. Twenty-three residents volunteered in this study. Their eye-movements were recorded while performing the scenarios. According to the results of this study, when performing the simulated surgical models, an increase in the participants’ mental workload was recorded when compared to the other scenarios. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the eye-movements of surgical residents can provide insights about the anticipated level of difficulty about the skill-based tasks. This information might be very critical to properly design and organize instructional materials for endo-neurosurgery, and also to better guide and evaluate the progress of trainees in computer simulation-based skill training environments. Full article

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20 pages, 26043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Eye Movement Data Visualization to Enhance Training of Air Traffic Controllers: A Dynamic Network Approach

by Saptarshi Mandal and Ziho Kang

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-20; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.1 - 8 Aug 2018

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 46

Abstract

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) forecasted substantial increase in the US air traffic volume creating a high demand in Air Traffic Control Specialists (ATCSs). Training times and passing rates for ATCSs might be improved if expert ATCSs’ eye movement (EM) characteristics can be utilized to support effective training. However, effective EM visualization is difficult for a dynamic task (e.g., aircraft conflict detection and mitigation) that includes interrogating multi-element targets that are dynamically moving, appearing, disappearing, and overlapping within a display. To address the issues, a dynamic network-based approach is introduced that integrates adapted visualizations (i.e., time-frame networks and normalized dot/bar plots) with measures used in network science (i.e., indegree, closeness, and betweenness) to provide in-depth EM analysis. The proposed approach was applied in an aircraft conflict task using a high-fidelity simulator; employing the use of veteran ATCSs and pseudo pilots. Results show that, ATCSs’ visual attention to multi-element dynamic targets can be effectively interpreted and supported through multiple evidences obtained from the various visualization and associated measures. In addition, we discovered that fewer eye fixation numbers or shorter eye fixation durations on a target may not necessarily indicate the target is less important when analyzing the flow of visual attention within a network. The results show promise in cohesively analyzing and visualizing various eye movement characteristics to better support training. Full article

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18 pages, 432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Text Segmentation on Subtitle Reading

by Olivia Gerber-Morón, Agnieszka Szarkowska and Bencie Woll

J. Eye Mov. Res. 2018, 11(4), 1-18; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.11.4.2 - 30 Jun 2018

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 54

Abstract

Understanding the way people watch subtitled films has become a central concern for subtitling researchers in recent years. Both subtitling scholars and professionals generally believe that in order to reduce cognitive load and enhance readability, line breaks in twoline subtitles should follow syntactic units. However, previous research has been inconclusive as to whether syntactic-based segmentation facilitates comprehension and reduces cognitive load. In this study, we assessed the impact of text segmentation on subtitle processing among different groups of viewers: hearing people with different mother tongues (English, Polish, and Spanish) and deaf, hard of hearing, and hearing people with English as a first language. We measured three indicators of cognitive load (difficulty, effort, and frustration) as well as comprehension and eye tracking variables. Participants watched two video excerpts with syntactically and non-syntactically segmented subtitles. The aim was to determine whether syntactic-based text segmentation as well as the viewers’ linguistic background influence subtitle processing. Our findings show that non-syntactically segmented subtitles induced higher cognitive load, but they did not adversely affect comprehension. The results are discussed in the context of cognitive load, audiovisual translation, and deafness. Full article

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J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 11, Issue 4 (August 2018) – 6 articles

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