Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Source Identification Methods
2.3.2. Model for Evaluation of Human Health Risk
3. Results
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals
3.2. Statistical Characteristics of Heavy Metals
3.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3.3.1. Correlation between Heavy Metals
3.3.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3.4. Potential Human Health Risks
4. Discussion
4.1. Sources of Heavy Metals
4.1.1. Distribution Law and Statistical Characteristics
4.1.2. Sources and Genesis
4.2. VS Non-Metallic Pollutants
4.3. Measures and Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heavy Metals | Seasons | As | Ba | Co | Cr(VI) | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sta III (μg/L) | 10.00 | 700.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 1000.00 | 300.00 | 100.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 | 1000.00 | |
Min (μg/L) | Wet | 0.24 | 41.20 | 0.09 | 1.96 | 0.67 | 8.69 | 1.00 | 0.37 | 0.40 | 1.27 |
Dry | 0.16 | 9.78 | 0.03 | / | 0.12 | 5.62 | / | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.31 | |
Max (μg/L) | Wet | 39.78 | 337.60 | 26.32 | 7.81 | 5.93 | 27,434.20 | 4258.00 | 26.65 | 0.95 | 54.18 |
Dry | 15.63 | 348.29 | 26.64 | 2.36 | 3.10 | 8754.59 | 3205.13 | 24.50 | 0.72 | 54.29 | |
Mean (μg/L) | Wet | 3.12 | 110.89 | 3.23 | 2.98 | 1.75 | 2779.91 | 817.73 | 6.87 | 0.48 | 8.11 |
Dry | 2.18 | 78.53 | 2.53 | 0.63 | 0.76 | 1501.62 | 609.08 | 3.85 | 0.14 | 7.84 | |
SD | Wet | 5.97 | 68.22 | 6.36 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 5559.29 | 943.14 | 13.22 | 0.10 | 10.86 |
Dry | 2.98 | 72.22 | 4.82 | 0.65 | 0.61 | 2605.05 | 722.24 | 5.29 | 0.14 | 10.44 | |
VC | Wet | 1.91 | 0.62 | 1.97 | 0.39 | 0.62 | 2.00 | 1.15 | 1.92 | 0.22 | 1.34 |
Dry | 1.37 | 0.92 | 1.90 | 1.03 | 0.81 | 1.73 | 1.19 | 1.37 | 1.02 | 1.33 | |
E (%) | Wet | 4.35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39.13 | 71.74 | 8.70 | 0 | 0 |
Dry | 5.77 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 42.31 | 61.54 | 5.77 | 0 | 0 | |
MEM | Wet | 3.98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 91.45 | 42.58 | 4.30 | 0 | 0 |
Dry | 1.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 29.18 | 32.05 | 1.23 | 0 | 0 |
Element | NO3− | Cl− | As | Ba | Cd | Co | Cr(VI) | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet | season | ||||||||||||
NO3− | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
Cl− | 0.770 ** | 1.000 | |||||||||||
As | −0.263 * | −0.055 | 1.000 | ||||||||||
Ba | 0.219 | 0.354 ** | 0.158 | 1.000 | |||||||||
Cd | 0.422 ** | 0.352 ** | −0.629 ** | 0.060 | 1.000 | ||||||||
Co | 0.256 * | 0.256 * | −0.230 | 0.352 ** | 0.691 ** | 1.000 | |||||||
Cr(VI) | 0.132 | 0.252 * | 0.462 ** | 0.166 | −0.289 * | −0.143 | 1.000 | ||||||
Cu | 0.749 ** | 0.633 ** | −0.098 | 0.121 | 0.268 * | 0.101 | 0.264 * | 1.000 | |||||
Fe | −0.542 ** | −0.343 ** | 0.603 ** | 0.129 | −0.374 ** | −0.023 | 0.160 | −0.513 ** | 1.000 | ||||
Mn | −0.342 ** | 0.099 | 0.649 ** | 0.142 | −0.310 * | 0.252 * | 0.340 * | −0.277 * | 0.627 ** | 1.000 | |||
Ni | 0.621 ** | 0.647 ** | −0.295 * | 0.328 * | 0.680 ** | 0.735 ** | 0.070 | 0.493 ** | −0.186 | 0.021 | 1.000 | ||
Pb | 0.163 | 0.019 | −0.251 * | −0.146 | 0.255 * | 0.195 | 0.068 | 0.244 | −0.185 | −0.181 | 0.115 | 1.000 | |
Zn | 0.207 | 0.257 * | −0.378 ** | −0.032 | 0.492 ** | 0.234 | −0.224 | 0.232 | −0.148 | −0.148 | 0.296 * | 0.409 ** | 1.000 |
Dry | season | ||||||||||||
NO3− | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
Cl− | 0.677 ** | 1.000 | |||||||||||
As | −0.317 * | −0.023 | 1.000 | ||||||||||
Ba | 0.238 * | 0.267 * | 0.123 | 1.000 | |||||||||
Cd | 0.463 ** | 0.268 ** | −0.207 | 0.291 * | 1.000 | ||||||||
Co | 0.150 | 0.283 * | 0.125 | 0.222 | 0.419 ** | 1.000 | |||||||
Cr(VI) | 0.008 | 0.018 | −0.190 | −0.511 ** | −0.145 | −0.264 | 1.000 | ||||||
Cu | 0.605 ** | 0.466 ** | −0.148 | 0.215 | 0.363 ** | 0.053 | 0.044 | 1.000 | |||||
Fe | −0.697 ** | −0.337 ** | 0.702 ** | 0.067 | −0.229 | 0.049 | −0.120 | −0.470 ** | 1.000 | ||||
Mn | −0.316 * | −0.316 * | 0.612 ** | 0.394 ** | 0.026 | 0.388 ** | −0.259 | −0.145 | 0.634 ** | 1.000 | |||
Ni | 0.415 ** | 0.484 ** | 0.091 | 0.455 ** | 0.358 ** | 0.611 ** | −0.492 ** | 0.084 | −0.092 | 0.213 | 1.000 | ||
Pb | 0.144 | 0.144 | 0.227 | 0.273 * | 0.359 ** | −0.026 | −0.211 | 0.417 ** | −0.042 | 0.045 | 0.091 | 1.000 | |
Zn | 0.154 | 0.154 | 0.057 | 0.169 | 0.181 | 0.180 | −0.369 ** | 0.157 | −0.102 | −0.145 | 0.256 | 0.142 | 1.000 |
Element | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cl− | 0.872 | 0.161 | 0.148 | 0.239 | 0.819 | −0.134 | 0.153 | 0.142 |
As | 0.846 | −0.184 | 0.172 | 0.275 | −0.044 | 0.902 | −0.064 | −0.042 |
Ba | 0.552 | 0.119 | −0.091 | −0.202 | 0.078 | −0.095 | 0.913 | 0.000 |
Cd | −0.155 | 0.772 | −0.298 | 0.318 | 0.890 | −0.130 | 0.040 | 0.029 |
Co | 0.242 | 0.449 | −0.684 | 0.070 | 0.687 | 0.158 | 0.331 | −0.133 |
Cr(VI) | 0.420 | 0.220 | 0.644 | −0.418 | −0.275 | 0.117 | −0.601 | −0.241 |
Cu | −0.163 | 0.798 | 0.169 | 0.135 | −0.004 | −0.173 | 0.017 | 0.644 |
Fe | 0.775 | −0.348 | −0.069 | 0.245 | −0.080 | 0.923 | 0.076 | −0.150 |
Mn | 0.880 | 0.045 | −0.021 | −0.075 | 0.163 | 0.363 | 0.780 | −0.216 |
Ni | 0.081 | −0.027 | 0.764 | −0.088 | 0.880 | −0.098 | 0.137 | 0.087 |
Pb | −0.026 | 0.050 | 0.575 | 0.260 | 0.051 | 0.263 | 0.154 | 0.736 |
Zn | 0.096 | 0.204 | 0.099 | 0.847 | −0.020 | −0.207 | −0.123 | 0.544 |
Total | 2.886 | 2.238 | 1.329 | 1.182 | 2.831 | 2.260 | 1.300 | 1.172 |
Variance % | 26.235 | 20.349 | 12.086 | 10.750 | 25.737 | 20.545 | 11.819 | 10.653 |
Cumulative % | 26.235 | 46.584 | 58.670 | 69.419 | 25.737 | 46.282 | 58.100 | 68.754 |
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Zhai, Y.; Zheng, F.; Li, D.; Cao, X.; Teng, Y. Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063571
Zhai Y, Zheng F, Li D, Cao X, Teng Y. Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063571
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhai, Yuanzheng, Fuxin Zheng, Dongfan Li, Xinyi Cao, and Yanguo Teng. 2022. "Distribution, Genesis, and Human Health Risks of Groundwater Heavy Metals Impacted by the Typical Setting of Songnen Plain of NE China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3571. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063571