Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Relationship with Preventive Behaviors and Vaccination among Adults in Northern Thailand’s Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Participants’ Knowledge and Preventive Behaviors toward COVID-19
3.3. Relationship between the Characteristics Data Variables with COVID-19 Knowledge and Preventive Behaviors
3.4. COVID-19 Knowledge Related to Preventive Behaviors and Vaccination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All | No Vaccine | Vaccine | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.112 a | |||
Male | 672 (44.1%) | 466 (45.5%) | 206 (41.2%) | |
Female | 852 (55.9%) | 558 (54.5%) | 294 (58.8%) | |
Age (years) | 0.028 a | |||
<30 | 389 (25.5%) | 267 (26.1%) | 122 (24.4%) | |
30–39 | 318 (20.9%) | 201 (19.6%) | 117 (23.4%) | |
40–49 | 224 (14.7%) | 137 (13.4%) | 87 (17.4%) | |
50–59 | 247 (16.2%) | 181 (17.7%) | 66 (13.2%) | |
≥60 | 346 (22.7%) | 238 (23.2%) | 108 (21.6%) | |
Mean ± SD | 44.13 ± 16.25 | 44.45 ± 16.63 | 43.47 ± 15.45 | |
Min.–Max. | 20–89 | 20–89 | 20–80 | |
Marital status | 0.948 a | |||
Single/Widowed/Divorced/Separate | 776 (50.9%) | 522 (51.0%) | 254 (50.8%) | |
Married | 748 (49.1%) | 502 (49.0%) | 246 (49.2%) | |
Education | <0.001 a | |||
No | 222 (14.6%) | 170 (16.6%) | 52 (10.4%) | |
Primary school | 457 (30.0%) | 326 (31.8%) | 131 (26.2%) | |
Secondary school | 473 (31.0%) | 317 (31.0%) | 156 (31.2%) | |
Diploma/Bachelor degree | 372 (24.4%) | 211 (20.6%) | 161 (32.2%) | |
Occupation | <0.001 a | |||
No | 212 (13.9%) | 162 (15.8%) | 50 (10.0%) | |
Government/Private sector | 199 (13.1%) | 84 (8.2%) | 115 (23.0%) | |
Farmer | 239 (15.7%) | 157 (15.3%) | 82 (16.4%) | |
General employee | 412 (27.0%) | 302 (29.5%) | 110 (22.0%) | |
Merchant/Self-employed | 260 (17.1%) | 176 (17.2%) | 84 (16.8%) | |
Student | 202 (13.3%) | 143 (14.0%) | 59 (11.8%) | |
Financial status | <0.001 a | |||
Insufficient | 582 (38.2%) | 447 (43.7%) | 135 (27.0%) | |
Sufficient | 942 (61.8%) | 577 (56.3%) | 365 (73.0%) | |
BMI | 0.060 a | |||
<18.5 g/m2 | 86 (5.6%) | 61 (6.0%) | 25 (5.0%) | |
18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | 728 (47.8%) | 509 (49.7%) | 219 (43.8%) | |
23.0–24.9 kg/m2 | 353 (23.2%) | 232 (22.7%) | 121 (24.2%) | |
≥25.0 kg/m2 | 357 (23.4%) | 222 (21.7%) | 135 (27.0%) | |
Current disease | 0.004 a | |||
No | 1055 (69.2%) | 733 (71.6%) | 322 (64.4%) | |
Yes | 469 (30.8%) | 291 (28.4%) | 178 (35.6%) | |
Smoking | <0.001 a | |||
No | 998 (65.5%) | 632 (61.7%) | 366 (73.2%) | |
Yes | 526 (34.5%) | 392 (38.3%) | 134 (26.8%) | |
Drinking alcohol | 0.019 a | |||
No | 914 (60.0%) | 593 (57.9%) | 321 (64.2%) | |
Yes | 610 (40.0%) | 431 (42.1%) | 179 (35.8%) | |
Exercise | 0.001 a | |||
No | 819 (53.7%) | 581 (56.7%) | 238 (47.6%) | |
Yes | 705 (46.3%) | 443 (43.3%) | 262 (52.4%) | |
Eating herb | 0.009 a | |||
No | 1014 (66.5%) | 704 (68.8%) | 310 (62.0%) | |
Yes | 510 (33.5%) | 320 (31.2%) | 190 (38.0%) | |
Eating vitamin C | 0.001 a | |||
No | 1312 (86.1%) | 902 (88.1%) | 410 (82.0%) | |
Yes | 212 (13.9%) | 122 (11.9%) | 90 (18.0%) | |
Receiving COVID-19 information | <0.001 a | |||
No | 490 (32.2%) | 367 (35.8%) | 123 (24.6%) | |
Yes | 1034 (67.8%) | 657 (64.2%) | 377 (75.4%) |
Variables | Total n (%) | No Vaccine n (%) | Vaccine n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 knowledge (scores) | <0.001 a | |||
Low level (0–6 Scores) | 372 (24.4) | 307 (30.0) | 65 (13.0) | |
Moderate level (7–8 Scores) | 998 (65.5) | 638 (62.3) | 360 (72.0) | |
High level (9–12 Scores) | 154 (10.1) | 79 (7.7) | 75 (15.0) | |
Mean ± SD | 7.20 ± 0.93 | 7.04 ± 0.90 | 7.54 ± 0.90 | |
Min.–Max. | 5.00–9.00 | 5.00–9.00 | 5.00–9.00 | |
COVID-19 preventive behaviors (scores) | <0.001 a | |||
Low level (0–27 Scores) | 290 (19.0) | 230 (22.5) | 60 (12.0) | |
Moderate level (28–35 Scores) | 640 (42.0) | 432 (42.1) | 208 (41.6) | |
High level (36–45 Scores) | 594 (39.0) | 362 (35.4) | 232 (46.4) | |
Mean ± SD | 33.00 ± 4.84 | 32.50 ± 4.97 | 34.02 ± 4.37 | |
Min.–Max. | 24.00–43.00 | 24.00–43.00 | 25.00–43.00 |
Variable | Knowledge | Behaviors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | p-Value | Mean ± SD | p-Value | |
Sex | 0.395 a | 0.042 a | ||
Male | 7.18 ± 0.93 | 32.72 ± 4.83 | ||
Female | 7.22 ± 0.93 | 33.22 ± 4.83 | ||
Age | <0.001 b | 0.151 b | ||
<30 years | 7.29 ± 0.94 | 32.86 ± 4.88 | ||
30–39 years | 7.27 ± 0.89 | 32.85 ± 4.82 | ||
40–49 years | 7.31 ± 0.89 | 33.25 ± 4.66 | ||
50–59 years | 7.16 ± 0.92 | 33.62 ± 4.76 | ||
≥60 years | 6.99 ± 0.97 | 32.69 ± 4.94 | ||
Marital status | 0.521 a | 0.539 a | ||
Single/Widowed/Divorced/Separate | 7.22 ± 0.93 | 33.07 ± 4.85 | ||
Married | 7.19 ± 0.94 | 32.92 ± 4.83 | ||
Education | <0.001 b | 0.959 b | ||
No | 7.09 ± 0.87 | 32.88 ± 4.81 | ||
Primary school | 7.07 ± 0.95 | 33.09 ± 4.86 | ||
Secondary school | 7.29 ± 0.93 | 32.98 ± 4.93 | ||
Diploma/Bachelor degree | 7.31 ± 0.93 | 32.98 ± 4.72 | ||
Occupation | <0.001 b | 0.367 b | ||
No | 6.96 ± 0.86 | 32.52 ± 4.95 | ||
Government/Private sector | 7.49 ± 0.92 | 33.53 ± 4.69 | ||
Farmer | 7.25 ± 0.94 | 32.88 ± 4.75 | ||
General employee | 7.15 ± 0.95 | 33.13 ± 4.75 | ||
Merchant/Self-employed | 7.15 ± 0.88 | 33.07 ± 5.06 | ||
Student | 7.29 ± 0.96 | 32.77 ± 4.83 | ||
Financial status | 0.138 a | 0.235 a | ||
Insufficient | 7.16 ± 0.91 | 33.19 ± 4.91 | ||
Sufficient | 7.23 ± 0.95 | 32.88 ± 4.79 | ||
BMI | 0.905 b | 0.094 b | ||
<18.5 g/m2 | 7.16 ± 0.93 | 33.13 ± 4.91 | ||
18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | 7.19 ± 0.94 | 32.68 ± 4.82 | ||
23.0–24.9 kg/m2 | 7.23 ± 0.91 | 33.27 ± 4.68 | ||
≥25.0 kg/m2 | 7.20 ± 0.95 | 33.36 ± 4.98 | ||
Current disease | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | ||
No | 7.31 ± 0.91 | 33.43 ± 4.64 | ||
Yes | 6.97 ± 0.95 | 32.03 ± 5.13 | ||
Smoking | 0.775 a | 0.789 a | ||
No | 7.21 ± 0.94 | 32.98 ± 4.84 | ||
Yes | 7.19 ± 0.91 | 33.05 ± 4.83 | ||
Drinking alcohol | 0.571 a | 0.705 a | ||
No | 7.19 ± 0.92 | 32.96 ± 4.89 | ||
Yes | 7.22 ± 0.95 | 33.06 ± 4.76 | ||
Exercise | 0.999 a | 0.279 a | ||
No | 7.20 ± 0.93 | 32.88 ± 4.90 | ||
Yes | 7.20 ± 0.93 | 33.14 ± 4.76 | ||
Eating herb | 0.009 a | 0.221 a | ||
No | 7.25 ± 0.93 | 33.11 ± 4.87 | ||
Yes | 7.11 ± 0.93 | 32.79 ± 4.77 | ||
Eating vitamin C | 0.013 a | 0.771 a | ||
No | 7.18 ± 0.93 | 32.99 ± 4.84 | ||
Yes | 7.35 ± 0.93 | 33.09 ± 4.82 | ||
Receiving COVID-19 information | 0.001 a | 0.540 a | ||
No | 7.09 ± 0.90 | 32.89 ± 4.92 | ||
Yes | 7.25 ± 0.94 | 33.05 ± 4.80 |
Factor | B | S.E. | p-Value | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
<30 years | Ref. | 0.011 | 1 | ||
30–39 years | 0.355 | 0.177 | 0.045 | 1.427 | 1.008, 2.019 |
40–49 years | 0.567 | 0.208 | 0.006 | 1.762 | 1.172, 2.649 |
50–59 years | 0.282 | 0.243 | 0.247 | 1.326 | 0.823, 2.135 |
≥60 years | 0.722 | 0.248 | 0.004 | 2.059 | 1.267, 3.346 |
Education | |||||
No | Ref. | 0.001 | 1 | ||
Primary school | 0.063 | 0.212 | 0.766 | 1.065 | 0.703, 1.615 |
Secondary school | 0.448 | 0.256 | 0.080 | 1.565 | 0.948–2.583 |
Diploma/Bachelor degree | 0.938 | 0.275 | 0.001 | 2.555 | 1.492, 4.376 |
Occupation | |||||
No | Ref. | <0.001 | 1 | ||
Government/Private sector | 1.097 | 0.252 | <0.001 | 2.996 | 1.828, 4.909 |
Farmer | 0.368 | 0.231 | 0.111 | 1.445 | 0.919, 2.272 |
General employee | 0.248 | 0.219 | 0.258 | 1.282 | 0.834, 1.969 |
Merchant/Self-employed | 0.332 | 0.238 | 0.162 | 1.394 | 0.875, 2.221 |
Student | 0.034 | 0.269 | 0.898 | 1.035 | 0.611, 1.755 |
Financial status (sufficient) | 0.634 | 0.134 | <0.001 | 1.885 | 1.450, 2.451 |
Current disease (yes) | 0.769 | 0.142 | <0.001 | 2.157 | 1.633, 2.848 |
COVID-19 knowledge (scores) | 0.626 | 0.066 | <0.001 | 1.870 | 1.643, 2.128 |
Factor | B | S.E. | Beta | p-Value | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
<30 years | Ref. | ||||
30–39 years | 0.010 | 0.311 | 0.001 | 0.975 | −0.601, 0.620 |
40–49 years | 0.383 | 0.346 | 0.028 | 0.269 | −0.296, 1.062 |
50–59 years | 1.305 | 0.342 | 0.099 | <0.001 | 0.634, 1.975 |
≥60 years | 0.942 | 0.321 | 0.082 | 0.003 | 0.311, 1.572 |
Current disease (yes) | −0.983 | 0.251 | −0.094 | <0.001 | −1.475, −0.491 |
BMI | |||||
<18.5 g/m2 | 0.455 | 0.469 | 0.022 | 0.333 | −0.466, 1.375 |
18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | Ref. | ||||
23.0–24.9 kg/m2 | 0.516 | 0.268 | 0.045 | 0.054 | −0.009, 1.042 |
≥25.0 kg/m2 | 0.746 | 0.271 | 0.065 | 0.006 | 0.214, 1.278 |
COVID-19 knowledge (scores) | 2.644 | 0.115 | 0.510 | <0.001 | 2.419, 2.870 |
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Pothisa, T.; Ong-Artborirak, P.; Seangpraw, K.; Tonchoy, P.; Kantow, S.; Auttama, N.; Boonyathee, S.; Choowanthanapakorn, M.; Bootsikeaw, S.; Panta, P.; et al. Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Relationship with Preventive Behaviors and Vaccination among Adults in Northern Thailand’s Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031521
Pothisa T, Ong-Artborirak P, Seangpraw K, Tonchoy P, Kantow S, Auttama N, Boonyathee S, Choowanthanapakorn M, Bootsikeaw S, Panta P, et al. Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Relationship with Preventive Behaviors and Vaccination among Adults in Northern Thailand’s Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031521
Chicago/Turabian StylePothisa, Tharadon, Parichat Ong-Artborirak, Katekaew Seangpraw, Prakasit Tonchoy, Supakan Kantow, Nisarat Auttama, Sorawit Boonyathee, Monchanok Choowanthanapakorn, Sasivimol Bootsikeaw, Pitakpong Panta, and et al. 2022. "Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Relationship with Preventive Behaviors and Vaccination among Adults in Northern Thailand’s Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031521