Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Explicit and Implicit Altruism: The Mediation Roles of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Experimental Scenario
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Mood
2.4.2. Self-Control
2.4.3. Perceived Anonymity
2.4.4. Satisfaction with Light
2.4.5. Brightness
2.4.6. Explicit Altruism: Dictator Game
2.4.7. Implicit Altruism: IAT
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Illuminance on Subjective Indicators
3.2. Effects of Illuminance on Altruism
3.3. Mediation Results
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effects of Illuminance on Altruism
4.2. The Mediation Role of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Block | No. of Trials | Function | Items Assigned to Left-Key Response | Items Assigned to Right-Key Response |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | Practice | Self words | Others words |
2 | 20 | Practice | Altruistic words | Non-altruistic words |
3 | 20 | Practice | Self words + Altruistic words | Others words + Non-altruistic words |
4 | 40 | Test | Self words + Altruistic words | Others words + Non-altruistic words |
5 | 20 | Practice | Others words | Self words |
6 | 20 | Practice | Others words + Altruistic words | Self words + Non-altruistic words |
7 | 40 | Test | Others words + Altruistic words | Self words + Non-altruistic words |
Concept Words | Attribute Words | ||
---|---|---|---|
Self | Others | Altruistic | Non-Altruistic |
自己 (self) | 他们 (they) | 关爱 (caring) | 拒绝 (rejection) |
自我 (self) | 她们 (they) | 帮助 (assistance) | 攻击 (aggression) |
我们 (we) | 别人 (other people) | 奉献 (dedication) | 藐视 (contempt) |
我的 (mine) | 外人 (outsiders) | 支持 (support) | 辱骂 (abuse) |
咱们 (we) | 他人 (others) | 保护 (protection) | 欺骗 (chicanery) |
Bright Light | Dim Light | t | p | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived brightness | 4.86 ± 0.96 | 2.94 ± 1.06 | 8.35 | <0.001 | 1.89 |
Positive affectpretest | 3.21 ± 0.38 | 3.28 ± 0.46 | −0.73 | 0.47 | 0.16 |
Positive affectposttest | 3.20 ± 0.53 | 3.21 ± 0.56 | −0.12 | 0.90 | 0.02 |
Negative affectpretest | 1.96 ± 0.55 | 1.83 ± 0.37 | 1.29 | 0.20 | 0.29 |
Negative affectposttest | 1.78 ± 0.72 | 1.70 ± 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.13 |
Self-controlpretest | 3.92 ± 0.60 | 3.86 ± 0.48 | 0.50 | 0.62 | 0.11 |
Self-controlposttest | 4.01 ± 0.52 | 3.70 ± 0.54 | 2.56 | 0.01 | 0.58 |
Satisfaction with light | 3.59 ± 0.85 | 2.65 ± 0.81 | 4.99 | <0.001 | 1.13 |
Perceived anonymity | 3.27 ± 0.76 | 3.83 ± 0.69 | −3.44 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
Dictator game (allocated money) | 3.36 ± 1.48 | 1.67 ± 1.11 | 5.72 | <0.001 | 1.30 |
IAT (D score) | 1.04 ± 0.64 | 1.29 ± 0.73 | −1.61 | 0.11 | 0.37 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Self-control | 1 | |||
2. Perceived anonymity | 0.09 | 1 | ||
3. Satisfaction with light | 0.28 * | −0.29 * | 1 | |
4. Allocated money | 0.14 | −0.47 *** | 0.72 *** | 1 |
Regression Equation | Fitting Indices | Regression Coefficients | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome Variables | Predictor Variables | R2 | F | β | t |
Allocated money | 0.30 | 32.74 *** | |||
Illuminance | 0.55 | 5.72 *** | |||
Satisfaction with light | 0.25 | 24.86 *** | |||
Illuminance | 0.99 | 4.99 *** | |||
Perceived anonymity | 0.13 | 11.84 *** | |||
Illuminance | −0.73 | −3.44 *** | |||
Allocated money | 0.61 | 38.47 *** | |||
Illuminance | 0.37 | 2.15 * | |||
Satisfaction with light | 0.56 | 6.57 *** | |||
Perceived anonymity | −0.24 | −2.98 ** |
Indirect Effect | Effect Size | Boot SE | Boot 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 1.12 | 0.25 | [0.64, 1.63] |
Satisfaction with light | 0.85 | 0.22 | [0.45, 1.33] |
Perceived anonymity | 0.27 | 0.14 | [0.02, 0.58] |
Satisfaction with light–Perceived anonymity | 0.58 | 0.27 | [0.08, 1.15] |
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Ru, T.; Ma, Y.; Zhong, L.; Chen, Q.; Ma, Y.; Zhou, G. Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Explicit and Implicit Altruism: The Mediation Roles of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215092
Ru T, Ma Y, Zhong L, Chen Q, Ma Y, Zhou G. Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Explicit and Implicit Altruism: The Mediation Roles of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215092
Chicago/Turabian StyleRu, Taotao, Yongjun Ma, Luojin Zhong, Qingwei Chen, Yiyang Ma, and Guofu Zhou. 2022. "Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Explicit and Implicit Altruism: The Mediation Roles of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215092
APA StyleRu, T., Ma, Y., Zhong, L., Chen, Q., Ma, Y., & Zhou, G. (2022). Effects of Ambient Illuminance on Explicit and Implicit Altruism: The Mediation Roles of Perceived Anonymity and Satisfaction with Light. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15092. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215092