Perceived Stress in Relation to Demographics and Clinical Forms among Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Participants, Procedure and Demographic Measures
2.3. Outcomes
2.4. Measures
2.5. Biases
2.6. Sample Size
2.7. Quantitative Outcomes
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Descriptive Data
3.3. Data on Outcome Variables
3.4. Main Results
4. Discussion
Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Richardson, S.; Shaffer, J.A.; Falzon, L.; Krupka, D.; Davidson, K.W.; Edmondson, D. Meta-analysis of perceived stress and its association with incident coronary heart disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012, 110, 1711–1716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tomei, G.; Sacco, C.; Giammichele, G.; Fidanza, L.; Casale, T.; Zefferino, R. Different Jobs, Different Perceived Stress: A Work-Related Stress Analytical Study. J. Forensic Psychol. 2022, 7, 218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eller, N.H.; Netterstrøm, B.; Gyntelberg, F.; Kristensen, T.S.; Nielsen, F.; Steptoe, A.; Theorell, T. Work-related psychosocial factors and the development of ischemic heart disease: A systematic review. Cardiol. Rev. 2009, 17, 83–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Glaser, R.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 5, 243–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Segerstrom, S.C.; Miller, G.E. Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol. Bull. 2004, 130, 601–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Seiler, A.; Fagundes, C.P.; Christian, L.M. The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health. In Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 71–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, Y.Z.; Wang, Y.X.; Jiang, C.L. Inflammation: The common pathway of stress-related diseases. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kivimaki, M.; Virtanen, M.; Elovainio, M.; Kouvonen, A.; Vaananen, A.; Vahtera, J. Work stress in the etiology of coronary heart disease—A meta-analysis. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 2006, 32, 431–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, S.; Janicki-Deverts, D.; Miller, G.E. Psychological stress and disease. JAMA 2007, 298, 1685–1687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myer, L.; Stein, D.J.; Grimsrud, A.; Seedat, S.; Williams, D.R. Social determinants of psychological distress in a nationally-representative sample of South African adults. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 8, 1828–1840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kosidou, K.; Dalman, C.; Lundberg, M.; Hallqvist, J.; Isacsson, G.; Magnusson, C. Socioeconomic status and risk of psychological distress and depression in the Stockholm Public Health Cohort: A population-based study. J. Affect. Disord. 2011, 134, 160–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nanbu, H.; Uebayashi, M.; Miura, M. Association between social mutual aid and psychological stress (K6) of residents in rural district. J. Rural Med. 2020, 15, 29–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hämmig, O.; Bauer, G.F. The social gradient in work and health: A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between working conditions and health inequalities. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 1170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zissi, A.; Stalidis, G. Social class and mental distress in Greek urban communities during the period of economic recession. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2017, 63, 459–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lagraauw, H.M.; Kuiper, J.; Bot, I. Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain Behav. Immun. 2015, 50, 18–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, H.; Fall, K.; Fang, F.; Erlendsdóttir, H.; Lu, D.; Mataix-Cols, D.; Fernández de la Cruz, L.; D’Onofrio, B.M.; Lichtenstein, P.; Gottfreðsson, M.; et al. Stress related disorders and subsequent risk of life threatening infections: Population based sibling controlled cohort study. Br. Med. J. 2019, 367, l5784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, H.; Zhan, Y.; Zhang, K.; Gao, Y.; Chen, L.; Zhan, J.; Chen, Z.; Zeng, Z. The Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Infective Endocarditis From 1990 to 2019: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Med. 2022, 9, 774224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hubers, S.A.; DeSimone, D.C.; Gersh, B.J.; Anavekar, N.S. Infective endocarditis: A contemporary review. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2020, 95, 982–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rasmussen, T.B.; Zwisler, A.D.; Moons, P.; Berg, S.K. Insufficient living: Experiences of recovery after infective endocarditis. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2015, 30, E11–E19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garfin, D.R.; Thompson, R.R.; Holman, E.A. Acute stress and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res. 2018, 112, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murdoch, D.R.; Corey, G.R.; Hoen, B.; Miró, J.M.; Fowler, V.G., Jr.; Bayer, A.S.; Karchmer, A.W.; Olaison, L.; Pappas, P.A.; Moreillon, P.; et al. International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS) Investigators. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 463–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prendergast, B.D. The changing face of infective endocarditis. Heart 2006, 92, 879–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nappi, F.; Martuscelli, G.; Bellomo, F.; Avtaar Singh, S.S.; Moon, M.R. Infective Endocarditis in High-Income Countries. Metabolites 2022, 12, 682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crawford, M.H.; Durack, D.T. Clinical presentation of infective endocarditis. Cardiol. Clin. 2003, 21, 159–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Žaliaduonytė-Pekšienė, D.; Jonkaitienė, R.; Zabiela, P.; Aržanauskienė, R. Infekcinio endokardito klinikinės formos Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikose 2002–2005 m. Medicina 2007, 43, 523–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bialek, K. Levels of stress and dispositional optimism among patients hospitalized in cardiology departments. Med. Stud./Stud. Med. 2021, 37, 25–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahraman, S.; Cam Kahraman, F.; Zencirkiran Agus, H.; Kalkan, A.K.; Uzun, F.; Karakayalı, M.; Altunova, M.; Sevinç, S.; Demir, A.R.; Yılmaz, E.; et al. Perceived stress level is associated with coronary artery disease severity in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Turk Kardiyol. Dern. Ars. 2020, 48, 494–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berg, S.K.; Preisler, P.; Pedersen, B.D. Patients perspective on endocarditis--an intermezzo in life. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2010, 9, 126–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pierce, D.; Calkins, B.C.; Thornton, K. Infectious endocarditis: Diagnosis and treatment. Am. Fam. Physician 2012, 85, 981–986. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, S.; Kamarck, T.; Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1983, 24, 385–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- BBaik, S.H.; Fox, R.S.; Mills, S.D.; Roesch, S.C.; Sadler, G.R.; Klonoff, E.A.; Malcarne, V.L. Reliability and validity of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. J. Health Psychol. 2019, 24, 628–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soria-Reyes, L.M.; Cerezo, M.V.; Alarcón, R.; Blanca, M. Psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) with breast cancer patients. Stress Health 2022, 9, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malinauskas, R.; Malinauskiene, V. The relationship between emotional intelligence and psychological well-being among male university students: The mediating role of perceived social support and perceived stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Straub, R.H.; Cutolo, M. Psychoneuroimmunology-developments in stress research. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. Suppl. 2018, 168, 76–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dar, T.; Radfar, A.; Abohashem, S.; Pitman, R.K.; Tawakol, A.; Osborne, M.T. Psychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2019, 21, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cohen, B.E.; Edmondson, D.; Kronish, I.M. State of the Art Review: Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Cardiovascular Disease. Am. J. Hypertens. 2015, 28, 1295–1302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arnold, S.V.; Smolderen, K.G.; Buchanan, D.M.; Li, Y.; Spertus, J.A. Perceived stress in myocardial infarction: Long-term mortality and health status outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 60, 1756–1763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dickson, V.V.; Zhanay, J.; Leon, A.; Scott, L.; Arabadjian, M. Measurement of stress amongst working adults with cardiovascular disease. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2022, zvac018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sumner, J.A.; Khodneva, Y.; Muntner, P.; Redmond, N.; Lewis, M.W.; Davidson, K.W.; Edmondson, D.; Richman, J.; Safford, M.M. Effects of Concurrent Depressive Symptoms and Perceived Stress on Cardiovascular Risk in Low- and High-Income Participants: Findings From the Reasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016, 5, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matud, M.P. Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2004, 37, 1401–1415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Passarelli, M.; Casetta, L.; Rizzi, L.; Perrella, R. Responses to Stress: Investigating the Role of Gender, Social Relationships, and Touch Avoidance in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graves, B.S.; Hall, M.E.; Dias-Karch, C.; Haischer, M.H.; Apter, C. Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schmaus, B.J.; Laubmei, K.K.; Boquiren, V.M.; Herze, M.; Zakowski, S.G. Gender and stress: Differential psychophysiological reactivity to stress reexposure in the laboratory. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2008, 69, 101–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.; Liang, C. Urban-Rural Comparison of the Association between Unsupportive Relationships, Perceived Stress, Authentic Self-Presentation, and Loneliness among Young Adults in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soomro, K. Psychosocial stress among women suffering from CHD & its complications (a comparative study in rural and urban residents of the Sindh). Pak. Heart J. 1999, 32, 6–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaqout, A.; Mohammed, S.; Thapur, M.; Al-Soub, H.; Al-Maslamani, M.A.; Al-Khal, A.; Omrani, A.S. Clinical characteristics, microbiology, and outcomes of infective endocarditis in Qatar. Qatar Med. J. 2020, 2, 24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cahill, T.J.; Prendergast, B.D. Infective endocarditis. Lancet 2016, 387, 882–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liaqat, W.; Palaiodimos, L.; Li, W.; Karamanis, D.; Tahir, A.; Tzoumas, A.; Nagraj, S.; Tiwari, N.; Grushko, M.; Kokkinidis, D.; et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of infective endocarditis: A single-center retrospective study in the Bronx, New York. Infection 2022, 50, 1349–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Hert, M.; Detraux, J.; Vancampfort, D. The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2018, 20, 31–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- You, Y.; Shou, X.; Zhang, X.; Fan, S.; Chai, R.; Xue, W.; Hu, Y.; He, Q. Psycho-Cardiological Disease: A Bibliometric Review From 2001 to 2021. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022, 9, 890329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suárez Bagnasco, M.; Núñez-Gil, I.J. Infective endocarditis and thoracic aortic disease: A review on forgotten psychological aspects. World J. Cardiol. 2017, 9, 620–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meli, L.; Birk, J.; Edmondson, D.; Bonanno, G.A. Trajectories of posttraumatic stress in patients with confirmed and rule-out acute coronary syndrome. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2020, 62, 37–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malinauskaite, I.; Slapikas, R.; Courvoisier, D.; Mach, F.; Gencer, B. The fear of dying and occurrence of posttraumatic stress symptoms after an acute coronary syndrome: A prospective observational study. J. Health Psychol. 2017, 22, 208–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- García-Encinas, A.; Ramírez-Maestre, C.; Esteve, R.; López-Martínez, A.E. Predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms and perceived health after an acute coronary syndrome: The role of experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, and depressive symptoms. Psychol. Health 2020, 35, 1497–1515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verhagen, D.W.; Hermanides, J.; Korevaar, J.C.; Bossuyt, P.M.; van den Brink, R.B.; Speelman, P.; van der Meer, J.T. Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of left-sided native valve endocarditis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009, 48, 1559–1565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Patients | M ± SD | t Value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|
Males (n = 78) | 24.68 ± 5.43 | −2.72 ** | 0.48 |
Females (n = 57) | 27.40 ± 6.17 | ||
Retired high-skilled workers (n = 59) | 24.39 ± 5.44 | ||
Retired low-skilled workers (n = 76) | 26.95 ± 6.02 | 2.55 * | 0.45 |
Urban area (n = 90) | 25.46 ± 6.02 | −1.04 | 0.18 |
Rural area (n = 45) | 26.58 ± 5.60 | ||
Non-classical clinical form of IE (n = 83) | 25.51 ± 5.61 | ||
Classical clinical form of IE (n = 52) | 26.35 ± 6.33 | 0.81 | 0.14 |
Variables | Low Levels of Perceived Stress | High Levels of Perceived Stress | χ2 (df = 1) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Gender | ||||||
Males (n = 78) | 41 | 67.2 | 37 | 50.0 | ||
Females (n = 57) | 20 | 32.8 | 37 | 50.0 | 4.06 | 0.044 |
Work type | ||||||
Retired high-skilled workers (n = 59) | 30 | 49.2 | 29 | 39.2 | ||
Retired low-skilled workers (n = 76) | 31 | 50.8 | 45 | 60.8 | 1.36 | 0.244 |
Residence area | ||||||
Urban area (n = 90) | 46 | 75.4 | 44 | 59.5 | ||
Rural area (n = 45) | 15 | 24.6 | 30 | 40.5 | 3.84 | 0.050 |
Clinical form of IE | ||||||
Non-classical clinical form of IE (n = 83) | 41 | 67.2 | 42 | 56.8 | ||
Classical clinical form of IE (n = 52) | 20 | 32.8 | 32 | 43.2 | 1.54 | 0.214 |
Variables | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Males (n = 78) | |||
Females (n = 57) | 2.066 * | 1.00–4.26 | 0.049 |
Work type | |||
Retired high-skilled workers (n = 59) | |||
Retired low-skilled workers (n = 76) | 1.523 | 0.75–3.11 | 0.248 |
Residence area | |||
Urban area (n = 90) | |||
Rural area (n = 45) | 2.252 * | 1.03–4.91 | 0.041 |
Clinical form of IE | |||
Non-classical clinical forms of IE (n = 83) | |||
Classical clinical form of IE (n = 52) | 1.754 | 0.84–3.68 | 0.137 |
Clinical Forms of IE | Low Levels of Perceived Stress | High Levels of Perceived Stress | χ2 (df = 1) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
Classical | 20 | 38.5 | 32 | 61.5 | 2.77 | p > 0.05 |
Heart failure | 12 | 44.4 | 15 | 55.6 | 0.33 | p > 0.05 |
Pulmonary | 8 | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 | 1.33 | p > 0.05 |
Embolic | 6 | 60.0 | 4 | 40.0 | 0.40 | p > 0.05 |
Septic | 5 | 50.0 | 5 | 50.0 | 0.00 | p > 0.05 |
Other forms | 10 | 41.7 | 14 | 58.3 | 0.67 | p > 0.05 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Malinauskas, R.; Malinauskas, M.; Malinauskiene, V.; Zabiela, V. Perceived Stress in Relation to Demographics and Clinical Forms among Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114073
Malinauskas R, Malinauskas M, Malinauskiene V, Zabiela V. Perceived Stress in Relation to Demographics and Clinical Forms among Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114073
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalinauskas, Romualdas, Mindaugas Malinauskas, Vilija Malinauskiene, and Vytautas Zabiela. 2022. "Perceived Stress in Relation to Demographics and Clinical Forms among Patients with Infective Endocarditis: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14073. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114073