Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Design and Study Sample
2.2. Assessment of Postural Stability
2.3. Assessment of Cognitive Function
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects Characteristics
3.2. Assessment of Cognitive Function
3.3. Assessment of Postural Stability (COP Parameters)
3.3.1. Mean Sway Radius (R), Standard Deviations of Mean Radius (SD R), and Area of Stabilogram (P)
3.3.2. Sway Velocity, Standard Deviation of Sway Velocity, Medio-Lateral and Anterior—Posterior Sway Velocity, and Standard Deviations of Medio-Lateral and Anterior—Posterior Sway Velocity
3.3.3. Total Length (L) and Medio-Lateral and Anterior—Posterior Length of Stabilogram (LM-L and LA-P, respectively)
3.4. The Relationship between COP Parameters and the Disease Stage, Cognitive Function, and LEDD
3.5. Relationship between Age and COP Parameters, Cognitive Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients with PD | Controls | p | Early PD | Advanced PD | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects (n) | 62 | 40 | - | 38 | 24 | - |
Age (years) | 69.46 ± 7.5 | 67.2 ± 7.7 | 0.7 | 69.0 ± 8.6 | 70.1 ± 5.4 | 0.6 |
Gender (male/female) | 36/26 | 15/25 | 0.07 | 22/16 | 14/10 | 0.8 |
Mini Mental State Examination | 27.15 ± 2.7 | 28.5 ± 1.7 | 0.003 | 27.4 ± 2.7 | 26.8 ± 2.7 | 0.34 |
Counting-backward test | 17.25 ± 6.6 | 12.9 ± 2.7 | <0.001 | 17.2 ± 7.3 | 17.2 ± 5.6 | 0.94 |
Number of enunciated words in dual task | 23.54 ± 6.6 | 28.1 ± 6.0 | <0.001 | 23.5 ± 8.1 | 23.6 ± 5.7 | 0.97 |
Disease duration (years) | 5.61 ± 4.8 | - | - | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 8.17 ± 6.0 | <0.001 |
Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg) | 513.24 ± 442.2 | - | - | 373.9 ± 259.7 | 699.1 ± 560.0 | 0.016 |
Hoehn–Yahr stage (H–Y) (0–4) | 2.3 ± 0.9 | - | - | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 3.25 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Stage 1 (n) | 12 | - | - | - | - | - |
Stage 2 | 25 | - | - | - | - | - |
Stage 3 | 18 | - | - | - | - | - |
Stage 4 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
Rehabilitation treatment | ||||||
Yes | 29 | - | 16 | 13 | ||
No | 32 | - | 21 | 11 |
Single Task | Dual Task | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Group | Age | Group | |
R [mm] | F (1.97) = 1.9 | F (2.97) = 22.5 *** | F (1.97) = 8.6 ** | F (2.97) = 1.2 |
SD R | F (1.97) = 2.5 | F (2.97) = 15.6 *** | F (1.97) = 2.1 | F (2.97) = 1.8 |
P [mm2] | F (1.97) = 0.1 | F (1.97) = 5.0 ** | F (1.97) = 6.5 * | F (2.97) = 1.7 |
V [m/s] | F (1.97) = 2.9 | F (2.97) = 8.0 *** | F (1.97) = 5.6 * | F (2.97) = 1.0 |
SD V | F (1.97) = 2.3 | F (2.97) = 6.8 ** | F (1.97) = 4.5 * | F (2.97) = 1.1 |
VM-L [m/s] | F (1.97) = 1.3 | F (2.97) = 5.4 ** | F (1.97) = 4.1 * | F (2.97) = 1.5 |
VA-P [m/s] | F (1.97) = 5.7 * | F (2.97) = 10.3 *** | F (1.97) = 4.5 * | F (2.97) = 0.6 |
SD VM-L | F (1.97) = 0.1 | F (2.97) = 4.8 * | F (1.97) = 2.8 | F (2.97) = 1.9 |
SD VA-P | F (1.97) = 4.6 * | F (2.97) = 10.0 *** | F (1.97) = 5.7 * | F (2.97) = 0.7 |
L [mm] | F (1.97) = 2.9 | F (2.97) = 7.9 *** | F (1.97) = 5.4 | F (2.97) = 1.0 |
LA-P [mm] | F (1.97) = 5.4 * | F (2.97) = 9.9 *** | F (1.97) = 4.9 * | F (2.97) = 0.6 |
LM-L [mm] | F (1.97) = 1.2 | F (2.97) = 5.8 ** | F (1.97) = 4.7 | F (2.97) = 1.5 |
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Zawadka-Kunikowska, M.; Klawe, J.J.; Tafil-Klawe, M.; Bejtka, M.; Rzepiński, Ł.; Cieślicka, M. Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912694
Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Bejtka M, Rzepiński Ł, Cieślicka M. Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912694
Chicago/Turabian StyleZawadka-Kunikowska, Monika, Jacek J. Klawe, Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe, Monika Bejtka, Łukasz Rzepiński, and Mirosława Cieślicka. 2022. "Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912694