The Thermal Influence of an Electromagnetic Field with a Radio Frequency Depending on the Type of Electrode Used
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- -
- Long-wave diathermy—from 3 to 300 kHz (however, this is considered obsolete due to the presence of numerous practical limitations);
- -
- Short-wave diathermy—from 3 to 30 MHz;
- -
- Microwaves—from 300 to 3000 MHz (rarely used today).
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- Changes in the orientation of the electric dipoles present in the tissue.
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- The polarization of atoms and particles with the aim of creating electric dipoles.
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- The movement or slip of ions and electrons in the electromagnetic field (reciprocating motion). Increases in the temperature of selected tissues during the procedure vary. The authors emphasize a close connection between temperatures and tissue vascularization as well as their level of hydration. A large amount of water ensures the proper amount of ions as well as good electrical conductivity, allowing for mechanisms responsible for an increase in temperature to take place, while the appropriate vascularization of the treatment area can cause a more rapid fall in tissue temperature directly after the procedure due to numerous blood vessels, which will allow for the removal of excess heat [8,9]. Diathermy may also be used in cases of acute conditions in which heating is not recommended. Then, non-thermal doses are used, which may be used in, for instance, swelling reduction [10].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Participants
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Research Room
2.4. Procedures
2.4.1. Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field
2.4.2. Thermography
2.4.3. Measurement of Body Weight, Height and Body Fat
2.4.4. Skin Moisture Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Size Sample Calculation
3. Results
3.1. Changes in the Tissue Temperature Depend on the Electrode Used
3.2. Results of Skin Moisture
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group A (n = 15) | Group A (n = 15) | |
---|---|---|
Sex (men; women) | 7; 8 | 8; 7 |
Age (years) | 24 ± 0.5 | 24 ± 1.1 |
Weight (kg) | 75 ± 15.4 | 73.9 ± 16.5 |
Growth (cm) | 174 ± 10.1 | 172 ± 7.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 4.5 | 24.9 ± 4.26 |
Fat tissue (%) | 14.98 ± 2.19 | 15.11 ± 1.76 |
Group | Time | Median (°C) | Lower Quartile (°C) | Upper Quartile (°C) | p-Value (Mann–Whitney U Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | before | 30.40 | 30.20 | 30.70 | 0.84 |
B | 30.30 | 30.00 | 31.00 | ||
A | 0 min | 36.30 | 35.90 | 36.90 | <0.00 |
B | 38.60 | 38.20 | 39.10 | ||
A | 5 min | 34.80 | 33.90 | 35.40 | <0.00 |
B | 36.00 | 35.40 | 36.80 | ||
A | 15 min | 33.50 | 32.90 | 34.40 | <0.00 |
B | 34.90 | 34.20 | 35.20 |
Time | Before | 0 Min | 5 Min | 15 Min |
---|---|---|---|---|
Before | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | |
0 min | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | |
5 min | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | |
15 min | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 | 0.00 1,2 |
Time | Group A | Group B | p-Value (Mann–Whitney U Test) | p-Value (Friedman ANOVA Test) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Lower Quartile | Upper Quartile | Median | Lower Quartile | Upper Quartile | |||
Before | 64.98 | 63.19 | 65.76 | 65.13 | 64.23 | 66.18 | 0.97 1 | 0.96 1 0.95 2 |
0 min | 65.17 | 64.21 | 66.11 | 64.98 | 64.01 | 66.11 | 0.94 1 | |
5 min | 64.99 | 64.01 | 66.91 | 65.11 | 64.12 | 65.76 | 0.93 1 | |
15 min | 64.12 | 63.18 | 65.13 | 65.19 | 64.97 | 66.12 | 0.95 1 |
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Bryś, K.; Grabarek, B.O.; Król, P.; Staszkiewicz, R.; Wierzbik-Strońska, M.; Król, T. The Thermal Influence of an Electromagnetic Field with a Radio Frequency Depending on the Type of Electrode Used. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811378
Bryś K, Grabarek BO, Król P, Staszkiewicz R, Wierzbik-Strońska M, Król T. The Thermal Influence of an Electromagnetic Field with a Radio Frequency Depending on the Type of Electrode Used. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811378
Chicago/Turabian StyleBryś, Kamil, Beniamin Oskar Grabarek, Piotr Król, Rafał Staszkiewicz, Magdalena Wierzbik-Strońska, and Tomasz Król. 2022. "The Thermal Influence of an Electromagnetic Field with a Radio Frequency Depending on the Type of Electrode Used" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11378. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811378