Interventions for Body Composition and Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in Older Adults in Rural Taiwan: A Horizontal Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Research Material
2.2.1. Intervention of Physical Activity Program
2.2.2. Intervention of High-Protein Supplementation
2.3. Detection Method
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Composition Measurement
3.2. Waist–Hip Circumference Measurement
3.3. Muscle Strength Measurement of Upper and Lower Limbs
3.4. Obesity Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | EGa (n = 20) M ± SD | EGb (n = 20) M ± SD | CGc (n = 20) M ± SD | F Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 77.2 ± 5.3 | 78.5 ± 6.7 | 76.9 ± 6.1 | 0.94 | 0.273 |
Height (cm) | 168.7 ± 8.2 | 169.2± 7.9 | 169.1± 7.4 | 1.13 | 0.102 |
Weight (kg) | 78.2 ± 8.6 | 78.8 ± 7.8 | 78.4 ± 8.3 | 1.07 | 0.126 |
Course | Posture and Motions | Operation Method |
---|---|---|
Cardiopulmonary function | Step-ups 20 (times) × 3 (set) | 30 cm-high steps; go up the steps with one foot, stand with both feet together, go down the steps with one foot, stand with both feet together and repeat. |
Lower body strength | Chair squats 15 (times) × 3 (set) | Place a chair behind you and start the standing position; squat down and raise your hands horizontally, and then squat down and touch the chair with your buttocks and immediately rise into a standing position. Do this once. |
Pistol squat 10 (times) × 3 (set) | Stand on one foot and leave the other foot off the ground (you can hold a support), and perform 10 deep squats on the left and right feet. | |
Standing lunges 20 (times) × 3 (set) | Start in a standing position; put your feet together. Step on one foot (with a stride of more than 60 cm), retract the leg that has been stepped out, and step out with the other foot. Repeat the motion with your left and right feet 20 times. | |
Walk in place with high legs 20 (times) × 3 (set) | Start a standing position, raise the leg in place up to thigh level, and repeat the operation with the left and right feet 20 times. | |
Upper body strength | 10-pound dumbbell arm curls 12 (times) × 3 (set) | Stand vertically with dumbbells in your hands; and abduct your hands to a horizontal level at the same time. |
10-pound dumbbell flyers 12 (times) × 3 (set) | Stand vertically with dumbbells in your hands and abduct your hands to a horizontal level at the same time. | |
10-pound dumbbell shoulder raises 12 (times) × 3 (set) | Hold the dumbbells at shoulder height as the starting point, raise both hands vertically at the same time, and then return to the starting point. |
Assessment Category | Test Item | Test Description |
---|---|---|
Body composition | BMI BFP BFM BMR SMM | Body composition was measured using an InBody 520 (Biospace Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). The InBody 520 estimates the composition of the human body based on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The bioelectrical resistance method is useful in body composition research because the electrode that is in contact with the human body measures the resistance value (impedance) of the body with an electrical current [36]. |
Body type | Waist and hip circumferences | Waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were measured using constant tension measuring tapes with an accuracy of 1 mm (model: Orbitape). WC was measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest. HC was measured from the maximum circumference behind the hip and anterior to the pubis [37]. Waist and hip circumferences were measured twice and averaged (cm). |
Upper body strength | Handgrip strength | Handgrip strength (HS) was measured using a digital handheld dynamometer (Jamar ®) aligned with the forearm. Participants sat upright in an armless chair with their forearms parallel to the ground and elbows flexed at 90°. Participants were asked to squeeze the handle as hard as possible. Each limb was measured twice. Average of four measurements was taken (average of right and left hands). |
30 s dominant arm curl | Number of bicep curls in 30 s holding a hand weight (male 3 kg) [35]. | |
Lower body strength | 30 s sit to stand | Number of full stands in 30 s with arms folded across chest [35]. |
2 min step | Number of full steps completed by raising each knee to point midway between the patella and iliac crest (number of times knee reaches target) in 2 min [35]. |
Variables | CGc (n = 20) | Imp. (%) | EGb (n = 20) | Imp. (%) | EGa (n = 20) | Imp. (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Pre-Test | Post-Test | ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.41 ± 2.76 | 27.22 ± 2.53 | −0.69 | 27.53 ± 2.36 | 27.09 ± 2.34 | −1.60 | 27.48 ± 2.37 | 25.11 ± 2.24 | −8.62 |
BMR, kcal | 1512 ± 57.34 | 1503 ± 62.11 | −0.60 | 1510 ± 59.54 | 1528 ± 61.71 | 1.19 | 1517 ± 59.53 | 1552 ± 65.62 | 2.31 |
BFP, % | 27.77 ± 6.13 | 28.05 ± 4.24 | 1.01 | 28.01 ± 5.61 | 27.31 ± 5.97 | −2.50 | 27.97 ± 6.08 | 25.37 ± 5.06 | −9.30 |
SMM, kg | 27.35 ± 2.67 | 27.07 ± 2.53 | −1.02 | 26.84 ± 2.75 | 27.35 ± 2.46 | 1.90 | 27.41 ± 2.64 | 29.85 ± 2.13 | 8.90 |
BFM, kg | 20.54± 1.87 | 20.21± 1.71 | −1.61 | 20.62± 1.75 | 20.14 ± 1.58 | −2.33 | 20.68± 1.65 | 18.77± 1.52 | −9.24 |
WC, cm | 114.6 ± 14.3 | 113.1 ± 15.1 | −1.31 | 112.9 ± 12.5 | 107.1 ± 11.6 | −5.14 | 112.3 ± 11.3 | 97.1 ± 10.7 | −13.54 |
HC, cm | 113.4 ± 11.7 | 112.7 ± 10.5 | −0.62 | 109.1 ± 13.4 | 106.3 ± 12.2 | −2.57 | 110.6 ± 11.7 | 104.3 ± 10.5 | −5.70 |
HS, kg | 15.16 ± 0.65 | 14.95 ± 0.72 | −1.39 | 15.09 ± 0.84 | 16.42 ± 0.61 | 8.81 | 15.13 ± 0.82 | 18.59 ± 0.58 | 22.87 |
Arm curl, times | 22.33 ± 2.95 | 23.26 ± 2.81 | 4.17 | 21.34 ± 2.56 | 25.15 ± 3.17 | 17.85 | 20.40 ± 2.84 | 28.25 ± 2.61 | 38.48 |
Sit to stand, times | 18.43 ± 2.74 | 19.12 ± 2.85 | 3.74 | 18.68 ± 2.95 | 22.54 ± 2.95 | 20.66 | 18.55 ± 2.57 | 25.50 ± 2.73 | 37.47 |
2 min step, times | 121.3 ± 7.45 | 120.8 ± 6.52 | −0.41 | 122.6 ± 6.43 | 127.5 ± 7.67 | 4.00 | 120.3 ± 6.91 | 136.5 ± 6.54 | 13.47 |
Variables | CGc-Pre | EGb-Pre | EGa-Pre |
---|---|---|---|
CGc-Post | EGb-Post | EGa-Post | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.33 (0.54) | 1.03 (0.11) | 5.71 * (0.004) |
BMR, kcal | 0.27 (0.62) | 1.69 (0.10) | 5.25 * (0.008) |
BFP, % | 1.27 (0.19) | 0.83 (0.24) | 6.37 * (0.002) |
SMM, kg | 0.65 (0.38) | 1.47 (0.12) | 7.56 * (0.001) |
BFM, kg | 1.09 (0.26) | 1.15 (0.14) | 5.45 * (0.005) |
WC, cm | 0.47 (0.45) | 0.58 (0.39) | 4.39 * (0.009) |
HC, cm | 0.91 (0.29) | 1.03 (0.17) | 5.38 * (0.005) |
HS, kg | 0.66 (0.34) | 1.89 (0.09) | 4.57 * (0.007) |
Arm curl, times | 0.83 (0.32) | 3.12 * (0.008) | 8.82 * (0.0008) |
Sit to stand, times | 1.71 (0.09) | 3.07 * (0.009) | 13.75 * (0.0001) |
2 min step, times | 1.18 (0.13) | 2.16 (0.09) | 11.43 * (0.0006) |
Variables | CGc Post | EGb Post | EGa Post | F (p) Value | LSD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI, kg/m2 | 27.22 ± 2.53 | 27.09 ± 2.34 | 25.11 ± 2.24 | 3.88 * (0.007) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
BMR, kcal | 1516 ± 62.11 | 1528 ± 61.71 | 1542 ± 65.62 | 6.77 * (0.0008) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
BFP, % | 28.05 ± 4.24 | 27.31 ± 5.97 | 25.37 ± 5.06 | 5.48 * (0.003) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
SMM, kg | 27.07 ± 2.53 | 27.35 ± 2.46 | 29.85 ± 2.13 | 4.15 * (0.007) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
BFM, kg | 20.21± 1.71 | 20.14 ± 1.58 | 18.77± 1.52 | 3.68 * (0.01) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
WC, cm | 113.1 ± 15.1 | 107.1 ± 11.6 | 97.1 ± 10.7 | 6.03 * (0.001) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
HC, cm | 112.7 ± 10.5 | 106.3 ± 12.2 | 104.3 ± 10.5 | 5.44 * (0.004) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
HS, kg | 14.95 ± 0.72 | 16.42 ± 0.61 | 18.59 ± 0.58 | 3.85 * (0.009) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
Arm curl, times | 23.26 ± 2.81 | 25.15 ± 3.17 | 28.25 ± 2.61 | 5.26* (0.002) | EGa > EGb > CGc |
Sit to stand, times | 19.12 ± 2.85 | 22.54 ± 2.95 | 25.50 ± 2.73 | 5.71 * (0.003) | EGa > EGb > CGc |
2 min step, times | 120.8 ± 6.52 | 127.5 ± 7.67 | 136.5 ± 6.54 | 13.75 * (0.0002) | EGa > EGb = CGc |
Variables | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Imp. (%) | t (p) Value | F (p) Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WHR | EGa | 1.015 ± 0.12 | 0.931 ± 0.05 | −8.28 | 3.714 * (0.01) | 5.651 * (0.002) |
EGb | 1.035 ± 0.09 | 1.008 ± 0.11 | −2.61 | 1.046 (0.08) | ||
CGc | 1.010 ± 0.07 | 1.004 ± 0.06 | −0.59 | 0.293 (0.41) |
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Chen, C.-A.; Lai, M.-C.; Huang, H.; Wu, C.-E. Interventions for Body Composition and Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in Older Adults in Rural Taiwan: A Horizontal Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137869
Chen C-A, Lai M-C, Huang H, Wu C-E. Interventions for Body Composition and Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in Older Adults in Rural Taiwan: A Horizontal Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137869
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chun-An, Ming-Chi Lai, Hsuan Huang, and Cheng-En Wu. 2022. "Interventions for Body Composition and Upper and Lower Extremity Muscle Strength in Older Adults in Rural Taiwan: A Horizontal Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7869. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137869