Perception Regarding Knowledge of COVID-19 Prevention in a Sample of a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Community in Houston, Texas, USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. COVID-19-Related Questions
3.3. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (%) | Knowledge—Prevent COVID-19 Spread | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Excellent/ Good | Average/ Poor/ Terrible | |||
Variable | ||||
Gender | ||||
Males | 243 (66.39) | 182 (65.47) | 61 (69.32) | 0.5051 |
Females | 123 (33.61) | 96 (34.53) | 27 (30.68) | |
Age (years) | ||||
18–25 | 85 (23.22) | 72 (25.90) | 13 (14.77) | 0.0377 * |
26–39 | 248 (67.76) | 185 (66.55) | 63 (71.59) | |
≥40 | 33 (9.02) | 21 (7.55) | 12 (13.64) | |
Education | ||||
High school or less | 50 (13.59) | 37 (13.31) | 13 (14.77) | 0.6250 |
Some college or associate degree | 101(27.45) | 74 (26.62) | 27 (30.68) | |
College degree | 176 (48.09) | 139 (50.00) | 37 (42.05) | |
Graduate degree | 39 (10.66) | 28 (10.07) | 11 (12.50) | |
Marital Status | ||||
Married | 246 (67.21) | 186 (66.91) | 60 (68.18) | 0.1329 |
Single | 79 (21.59) | 65 (23.38) | 14 (15.91) | |
Divorced/Separated | 41 (11.20) | 27 (9.71) | 14 (15.91) | |
Living Status | ||||
Own | 251(68.58) | 198 (71.22) | 53 (60.23) | 0.0528 |
Rent | 115 (31.42) | 80 (28.78) | 35 (39.77) | |
Annual Household Income | ||||
<$25,000 | 59 (16.12) | 43 (15.47) | 16 (18.18) | 0.2790 |
$25,000 to <$45,000 | 94 (25.68) | 73 (26.26) | 21 (23.86) | |
$45,000 to <$65,000 | 97 (26.50) | 69 (24.26) | 28 (31.82) | |
$65,000 to <$100,000 | 74 (20.22) | 56 (20.14) | 18 (20.45) | |
≥$100,000 | 42 (11.48) | 37 (13.31) | 5 (5.68) | |
Religion | ||||
Christian | 126 (34.43) | 102 (36.69) | 24 (27.27) | 0.2676 |
Muslim | 194 (53.01) | 142 (51.08) | 52 (59.09) | |
Jewish/other | 46 (12.57) | 34 (12.23) | 12 (13.64) | |
Smoke | ||||
No | 222 (60.66) | 161 (57.91) | 61 (69.32) | 0.0563 |
Yes | 144 (39.34) | 117 (42.09) | 27 (30.68) | |
Drink Alcohol | ||||
No | 251 (68.58) | 189 (67.99) | 62 (70.45) | 0.6637 |
Yes | 115 (31.42) | 89 (32.01) | 26 (29.55) | |
Health Insurance | ||||
Yes | 291 (79.51) | 228 (82.01) | 63 (71.59) | 0.0348 * |
No | 75 (20.49) | 50 (17.99) | 25 (28.41) | |
Overall Health | ||||
Excellent | 105 (28.69) | 83 (29.86) | 22 (25.00) | 0.3036 |
Very Good/Good | 239 (65.30) | 181 (65.11) | 58 965.91) | |
Fair/Poor | 22 (6.01) | 14 (5.04) | 8 99.09) | |
Hypertension | ||||
Yes | 54 (15.17) | 45 (16.54) | 9 (10.71) | 0.1929 |
No | 302 (84.83) | 227 (83.56) | 75 (89.29) | |
High Cholesterol | ||||
Yes | 48 (13.56) | 32 (11.94) | 16 (18.60) | 0.1163 |
No | 306 (86.44) | 236 (88.06) | 70 (81.40) | |
Obesity | ||||
Yes | 52 (14.94) | 41 (15.36) | 11 (13.58) | 0.6946 |
No | 296 (85.06) | 226 (84.64) | 70 (86.42) | |
Anxiety | ||||
Yes | 104 (29.55) | 82 (30.26) | 22 (27.16) | 0.5918 |
No | 248 (70.45) | 189 (69.74) | 59 (72.84) | |
Infected with COVID-19 | ||||
Yes | 69 (18.96) | 52 (18.71) | 17 (19.77) | 0.8261 |
No | 295 (81.04) | 226 (81.29) | 69 (80.23) | |
COVID-19 Infection Risk | ||||
Extremely Likely | 41 (11.23) | 31 (11.19) | 10 (11.36) | 0.7487 |
Somewhat Likely | 145 (39.73) | 113 (40.79) | 32 (36.36) | |
Neither Likely nor Unlikely/ Somewhat or Extremely Unlikely | 179 (49.04) | 133 (48.01) | 46 (52.27) | |
COVID-19 Infection Severity | ||||
Extremely Severe | 64 (17.78) | 55 (2015) | 9 (10.34) | 0.0200 * |
Somewhat Severe | 156 (43.33) | 122 (44.69) | 34 (39.08) | |
Neither Severe nor Mild | 95 (26.39) | 62 (22.71) | 33 (37.93) | |
Somewhat Mild/Extremely Mild | 45 (12.50) | 34 (12.49) | 11 (12.64) | |
Know Self-Protection from COVID-19 Infection | ||||
Strongly Agree | 123 (33.61) | 107 (38.49) | 16 (18.18) | 0.0001 ** |
Somewhat Agree | 169 (46.170 | 138 (49.64) | 31 (35.23) | |
Neither Agree nor Disagree/ Somewhat/Strongly Disagree | 74 (20.22) | 33 (11.87) | 41 (46.59) | |
Avoiding COVID-19 Infection | ||||
Extremely/Somewhat Easy | 200 (55.250 | 164 (59.42) | 36 (41.86) | 0.0055 * |
Neither Easy nor Difficult | 111 (30.66 | 73 (26.45) | 38 (44.19) | |
Somewhat/Extremely Difficult | 51 (14.09) | 39 (14.13) | 12 (13.95) |
Excellent/Good Knowledge vs. Average/Poor/Terrible | ||
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Variable | ||
Gender | ||
Male vs. Female | 0.75 (0.37–1.54) | 0.4341 |
Age | ||
18–25 vs. ≥40 | 6.36 (1.38–29.34) | 0.0223 * |
26–39 vs. ≥40 | 2.99 (0.86–10.40) | 0.6771 |
Education | ||
≤ High School vs. Graduate Degree | 1.89 (0.40–8.94) | 0.745 |
Some College vs. Graduate Degree | 1.44 (0.41–5.13) | 0.6813 |
College Degree vs. Graduate Degree | 2.63 (0.81–8.53) | 0.1008 |
Marital Status | ||
Married vs. Divorced/Separated | 2.60 (0.92–7.39) | 0.1252 |
Single vs. Divorced/Separated | 1.94 (0.60–6.32) | 0.6962 |
Living Status | ||
Own vs. Rent | 0.95 (0.44–2.08) | 0.9054 |
Annual Household Income | ||
<$25,000 vs. ≥$100,000 | 0.08 (0.01–0.47) | 0.1091 |
$25,000 to <$45,000 vs. ≥$100,000 | 0.12 (0.02–0.64) | 0.4358 |
$45,000 to <$65,000 vs. ≥$100,000 | 0.12 (0.02–0.57) | 0.3838 |
$65,000 to <$100,000 vs. ≥$100,000 | 0.08 (0.02–0.44) | 0.0985 |
Religion | ||
Christian vs. Jewish/Other | 2.27 (0.76–6.76) | 0.0978 |
Muslim vs. Jewish/Other | 1.30 (0.47–3.60) | 0.6994 |
Smoke | ||
No vs. Yes | 0.48 (0.23–1.02) | 0.0573 |
Drink Alcohol | ||
No vs. Yes | 1.43 (0.66–3.11) | 0.3647 |
Health Insurance | ||
Yes vs. No | 0.84 (0.36–1.93) | 0.6775 |
Overall Health | ||
Excellent vs. Fair/Poor | 1.78 (0.40–7.94) | 0.9372 |
Very Good/Good vs. Fair/Poor | 2.94 (0.74–11.73) | 0.0753 |
Hypertension | ||
Yes vs. No | 3.06 (0.92–10.23) | 0.0692 |
High Cholesterol | ||
Yes vs. No | 0.83 (0.26–2.71) | 0.7615 |
Obesity | ||
Yes vs. No | 1.77 (0.62–5.08) | 0.29 |
Anxiety | ||
Yes vs. No | 1.17 (0.53–2.59) | 0.6904 |
Infected with COVID-19 | ||
Yes vs. No | 0.54 (0.23–1.31) | 0.1725 |
COVID-19 Infection Risk | ||
Extremely Likely vs. Neither Likely nor Unlikely/Somewhat Unlikely | 1.99 (0.48–8.34) | 0.2509 |
Somewhat Likely vs. Neither Likely nor Unlikely/Somewhat Unlikely | 0.78 (0.38–1.63) | 0.1908 |
COVID-19 Infection Severity | ||
Extremely Severe vs. Somewhat/Extremely Mild | 1.88 (0.47–7.45) | 0.2369 |
Somewhat Severe vs. Somewhat/Extremely Mild | 0.92 (0.31–2.74) | 0.454 |
Neither Severe nor Mild vs. Somewhat/Extremely Mild | 0.98 (0.32–2.99) | 0.6432 |
Know Self-Protection from COVID-19 Infection | ||
Strongly Agree vs. Neither Agree nor Disagree/ | 7.74 (2.58–23.26) | 0.0043 * |
Somewhat Disagree/Strongly Disagree | ||
Somewhat Agree vs. Neither Agree nor Disagree/ | 4.49 (1.84–10.96) | 0.177 |
Somewhat Disagree/Strongly Disagree | ||
Avoiding COVID-19 Infection | ||
Extremely Easy/Somewhat Easy vs. Somewhat Difficult/Extremely Difficult | 1.02 (0.39–2.98) | 0.3377 |
Neither Easy nor Difficult vs. Somewhat Difficult/Extremely Difficult | 0.49 (0.17–1.42) | 0.0629 |
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Zamil, J.; Atrooz, F.; Majd, Z.; Zeidat, S.; Alrousan, G.; Abughosh, S.; Salim, S. Perception Regarding Knowledge of COVID-19 Prevention in a Sample of a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Community in Houston, Texas, USA. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010524
Zamil J, Atrooz F, Majd Z, Zeidat S, Alrousan G, Abughosh S, Salim S. Perception Regarding Knowledge of COVID-19 Prevention in a Sample of a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Community in Houston, Texas, USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010524
Chicago/Turabian StyleZamil, Jenna, Fatin Atrooz, Zahra Majd, Sarah Zeidat, Ghalya Alrousan, Susan Abughosh, and Samina Salim. 2022. "Perception Regarding Knowledge of COVID-19 Prevention in a Sample of a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) Community in Houston, Texas, USA" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010524