Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zone, Air Pollution Reduction, and Political Promotion Tournament in China: Empirical Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. A Brief Description of Institutional Background
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Data Sources
3.2. Variables Measurement
3.3. Model Specification
4. Empirical Results and Analysis
4.1. Diagnostic Tests of the DID Model
4.2. Benchmark Regression Results
4.3. Spatial Regression Results
4.4. Test on the Political Promotion Tournament in China
5. Conclusions, Policy Implications, and Research Prospects
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Policy Implications
5.3. Research Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Panel | Variables | Unit | Count | Mean | S.D | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | AQI | - | 1680 | 80.208 | 22.978 | 18.000 | 230.000 |
PM2.5 | mg/m3 | 1680 | 46.770 | 18.857 | 9.000 | 150.000 | |
PM10 | mg/m3 | 1680 | 81.776 | 32.507 | 18.000 | 371.000 | |
SO2 | mg/m3 | 1680 | 21.841 | 17.011 | 2.000 | 185.000 | |
CO | mg/m3 | 1680 | 0.923 | 0.431 | 0.000 | 7.000 | |
NO2 | mg/m3 | 1680 | 30.890 | 10.240 | 5.000 | 66.000 | |
O3 | mg/m3 | 1680 | 87.841 | 15.842 | 23.000 | 160.000 | |
DID | - | 1680 | 0.339 | 0.474 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
lnPGDP | 104 Yuan | 1680 | 4.607 | 2.537 | 0.283 | 28.991 | |
(lnPGDP)^2 | 104 Yuan | 1680 | 27.659 | 39.268 | 0.080 | 840.489 | |
PD | Persons/km2 | 1680 | 555.017 | 515.626 | 12.460 | 6814.815 | |
SI | % | 1680 | 44.839 | 10.185 | 11.040 | 75.970 | |
TI | % | 1680 | 45.032 | 10.400 | 19.770 | 79.710 | |
FP | % | 1680 | 12.051 | 10.522 | −13.660 | 92.650 | |
B | PPT | - | 1400 | 0.214 | 0.410 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
GDP | % | 1400 | 7.017 | 7.959 | −38.663 | 136.163 | |
DAQI | - | 1400 | 3.417 | 15.300 | −64.580 | 146.580 | |
DPM2.5 | mg/m3 | 1400 | 7.760 | 21.096 | −70.580 | 276.000 | |
DPM10 | mg/m3 | 1400 | 4.905 | 9.980 | −30.250 | 128.170 | |
DSO2 | mg/m3 | 1400 | 4.285 | 12.481 | −52.580 | 92.250 | |
DCO | mg/m3 | 1400 | −0.011 | 0.365 | −1.840 | 5.770 | |
DNO2 | mg/m3 | 1400 | 1.115 | 5.687 | −24.500 | 39.250 | |
DO3 | mg/m3 | 1400 | −3.283 | 11.828 | −68.000 | 69.250 | |
AGE | Year | 1400 | 52.075 | 3.245 | 40.000 | 63.000 | |
EDUCATION | - | 1400 | 0.779 | 0.415 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
GENTER | - | 1400 | 0.943 | 0.232 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
TENURE1 | - | 1400 | 0.356 | 0.479 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
TENURE5 | - | 1400 | 0.047 | 0.212 | 0.000 | 1.000 |
Variables | AQI | PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | CO | NO2 | O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
DID | −3.635 | −7.131 *** | −8.814 ** | −12.099 *** | 0.372 *** | −1.772 * | 10.601 *** |
(−1.423) | (−3.209) | (−2.383) | (−5.864) | (6.136) | (−1.836) | (4.958) | |
lnPGDP | −2.024 ** | −3.854 *** | −5.555 *** | −2.235 *** | −0.001 | −0.105 | 3.170 *** |
(−2.259) | (−4.942) | (−4.281) | (−3.087) | (−0.067) | (−0.309) | (4.226) | |
(lnPGDP)^2 | 0.044 | 0.115 *** | 0.157 *** | 0.093 *** | −0.000 | −0.007 | −0.128 *** |
(1.252) | (3.715) | (3.052) | (3.228) | (−0.182) | (−0.552) | (−4.320) | |
PD | −0.001 | −0.002 ** | −0.003 ** | −0.002 *** | −0.000 *** | −0.001 ** | 0.002 ** |
(−0.600) | (−2.038) | (−2.383) | (−2.816) | (−2.699) | (−2.561) | (2.233) | |
SI | −0.344 *** | −0.255 *** | −0.452 *** | −0.172 ** | −0.009 *** | −0.158 *** | −0.208 ** |
(−3.209) | (−2.733) | (−2.906) | (−1.979) | (−3.672) | (−3.894) | (−2.314) | |
TI | −0.918 *** | −0.947 *** | −1.676 *** | −0.961 *** | −0.012 *** | −0.281 *** | 0.339 *** |
(−10.347) | (−12.268) | (−13.042) | (−13.402) | (−5.690) | (−8.378) | (4.559) | |
FP | −0.039 | −0.095 | −0.052 | −0.078 | 0.005 *** | −0.026 | 0.057 |
(−0.509) | (−1.427) | (−0.466) | (−1.266) | (2.923) | (−0.912) | (0.895) | |
Constant | 147.130 *** | 120.005 *** | 204.285 *** | 86.848 *** | 1.739 *** | 52.771 *** | 65.538 *** |
(17.769) | (16.654) | (17.034) | (12.981) | (8.840) | (16.858) | (9.452) | |
Samples | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 |
R-squared | 0.159 | 0.265 | 0.280 | 0.320 | 0.074 | 0.106 | 0.151 |
Variables | AQI | PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | CO | NO2 | O3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
DID | −6.444 ** | −6.606 ** | −9.341 ** | −3.895 | 0.344 *** | −1.445 | 7.181 *** |
(−1.966) | (−2.373) | (−2.020) | (−1.555) | (4.490) | (−1.158) | (2.648) | |
WT,TD | −7.696 | −14.840 ** | −25.962 ** | −33.647 *** | 0.782 *** | −5.144 * | 19.311 *** |
(−0.962) | (−2.185) | (−2.302) | (−5.504) | (4.178) | (−1.689) | (2.918) | |
WNT,TD | −27.548 *** | −25.617 *** | −48.643 *** | −15.297 *** | 1.005 *** | −6.588 *** | 20.193 *** |
(−5.305) | (−5.810) | (−6.643) | (−3.855) | (8.273) | (−3.332) | (4.700) | |
Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Samples | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 | 1680 |
R-squared | 0.206 | 0.339 | 0.355 | 0.426 | 0.152 | 0.143 | 0.218 |
Variables | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated | Treated | Untreated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | |
EGR | 0.015 | −0.018 * | 0.015 | −0.018 * | 0.014 | −0.018 * | 0.015 | −0.018 * | 0.014 | −0.018 * | 0.014 | −0.018 * | 0.014 | −0.018 * |
(0.688) | (−1.670) | (0.679) | (−1.682) | (0.673) | (−1.675) | (0.693) | (−1.673) | (0.674) | (−1.709) | (0.674) | (−1.698) | (0.655) | (−1.680) | |
DAQI | −0.003 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
(−0.413) | (0.240) | |||||||||||||
DPM2.5 | −0.008 | −0.012 | ||||||||||||
(−0.612) | (−1.039) | |||||||||||||
DPM10 | −0.000 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
(−0.046) | (0.221) | |||||||||||||
DSO2 | −0.003 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
(−0.360) | (0.232) | |||||||||||||
DCO | 0.678 * | −0.118 | ||||||||||||
(1.784) | (−0.496) | |||||||||||||
DNO2 | 0.003 | −0.010 | ||||||||||||
(0.143) | (−0.709) | |||||||||||||
DO3 | −0.007 | −0.001 | ||||||||||||
(−0.734) | (−0.138) | |||||||||||||
Control variables | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Samples | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 | 505 | 895 |
R-squared | 0.065 | 0.023 | 0.066 | 0.024 | 0.064 | 0.023 | 0.065 | 0.023 | 0.070 | 0.023 | 0.064 | 0.023 | 0.065 | 0.023 |
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Wang, H.; Geng, Y.; Zhang, J.; Xia, X.; Feng, Y. Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zone, Air Pollution Reduction, and Political Promotion Tournament in China: Empirical Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211880
Wang H, Geng Y, Zhang J, Xia X, Feng Y. Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zone, Air Pollution Reduction, and Political Promotion Tournament in China: Empirical Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):11880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211880
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Haijie, Yong Geng, Jingxue Zhang, Xiqiang Xia, and Yanchao Feng. 2021. "Ecological Civilization Demonstration Zone, Air Pollution Reduction, and Political Promotion Tournament in China: Empirical Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 11880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211880