Protective Factors for LGBTI+ Youth Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Underpinned by Recognition Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Orientations and Identities
1.2. Wellbeing and Stigmatisation
1.3. Social Justice as a Pre-Requisite for Wellbeing
1.4. Rationale and Objectives
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Search and Study Selection
2.3. Data Charting and Summarising Results
2.4. Content and Thematic Analysis
2.5. Consultation
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Overview of Documented Records
3.3. Demographic Overview
3.3.1. Orientations and Identities
3.3.2. Self-Descriptors
3.3.3. Being “Out”
3.3.4. Age
3.4. Intersubjective Recognition
3.4.1. Parents
3.4.2. Peers
3.4.3. Providers
3.5. Community Connectedness
3.5.1. LGBTI+ Communities
3.5.2. Online Communities
3.5.3. Faith Communities
3.5.4. Cultural Communities
3.6. Inclusion through Universal Rights
3.6.1. Gay–Straight Alliances/Gender–Sexuality Alliances (GSAs)
3.6.2. Policies
3.6.3. Curricular
3.6.4. Extracurricular Activities
3.7. Intersecting Forms of Recognition
3.8. Indicators of Wellbeing
3.9. Consultations
4. Discussion
4.1. Multi-Faceted Orientations and Identities
4.2. Broadening Understandings of Family
4.3. Salience of Community Connectedness
4.4. Shifts from Protectionisism to Rights-Based, Universal Inclusion
4.5. Mental Health beyond a Dichotomy
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist
Section | Item | PRISMA-ScR Checklist Item | Reported on Page No. |
TITLE | |||
Title | 1 | Identify the report as a scoping review. | 1 |
ABSTRACT | |||
Structured summary | 2 | Provide a structured summary that includes (as applicable): background, objectives, eligibility criteria, sources of evidence, charting methods, results, and conclusions that relate to the review questions and objectives. | 1 |
INTRODUCTION | |||
Rationale | 3 | Describe the rationale for the review in the context of what is already known. Explain why the review questions/objectives lend themselves to a scoping review approach. | 3 |
Objectives | 4 | Provide an explicit statement of the questions and objectives being addressed with reference to their key elements (e.g., population or participants, concepts, and context) or other relevant key elements used to conceptualize the review questions and/or objectives. | 3 |
METHODS | |||
Protocol and registration | 5 | Indicate whether a review protocol exists; state if and where it can be accessed (e.g., a Web address); and if available, provide registration information, including the registration number. | 3 |
Eligibility criteria | 6 | Specify characteristics of the sources of evidence used as eligibility criteria (e.g., years considered, language, and publication status), and provide a rationale. | 3 |
Information sources | 7 | Describe all information sources in the search (e.g., databases with dates of coverage and contact with authors to identify additional sources), as well as the date the most recent search was executed. | 4 |
Search | 8 | Present the full electronic search strategy for at least 1 database, including any limits used, such that it could be repeated. | 4 |
Selection of sources of evidence | 9 | State the process for selecting sources of evidence (i.e., screening and eligibility) included in the scoping review. | 3–4 |
Data charting process | 10 | Describe the methods of charting data from the included sources of evidence (e.g., calibrated forms or forms that have been tested by the team before their use, and whether data charting was done independently or in duplicate) and any processes for obtaining and confirming data from investigators. | 4 |
Data items | 11 | List and define all variables for which data were sought and any assumptions and simplifications made. | 4 |
Critical appraisal of individual sources of evidence | 12 | If done, provide a rationale for conducting a critical appraisal of included sources of evidence; describe the methods used and how this information was used in any data synthesis (if appropriate). | N/A |
Synthesis of results | 13 | Describe the methods of handling and summarizing the data that were charted. | 4 |
RESULTS | |||
Selection of sources of evidence | 14 | Give numbers of sources of evidence screened, assessed for eligibility, and included in the review, with reasons for exclusions at each stage, ideally using a flow diagram. | 5 |
Characteristics of sources of evidence | 15 | For each source of evidence, present characteristics for which data were charted and provide the citations. | 6–26 |
Critical appraisal within sources of evidence | 16 | If done, present data on critical appraisal of included sources of evidence (see item 12). | N/A |
Results of individual sources of evidence | 17 | For each included source of evidence, present the relevant data that were charted that relate to the review questions and objectives. | 6–26 |
Synthesis of results | 18 | Summarize and/or present the charting results as they relate to the review questions and objectives. | 25–36 |
DISCUSSION | |||
Summary of evidence | 19 | Summarize the main results (including an overview of concepts, themes, and types of evidence available), link to the review questions and objectives, and consider the relevance to key groups. | 36–39 |
Limitations | 20 | Discuss the limitations of the scoping review process. | 39–40 |
Conclusions | 21 | Provide a general interpretation of the results with respect to the review questions and objectives, as well as potential implications and/or next steps. | 40 |
FUNDING | |||
Funding | 22 | Describe sources of funding for the included sources of evidence, as well as sources of funding for the scoping review. Describe the role of the funders of the scoping review. | 41 |
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PCC | Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|---|
P—Population |
|
|
C—Concept |
|
|
C—Context |
|
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Parra et al., 2018 Canada The Buffering Effect of Peer Support on the Links Between Family Rejection and Psychosocial Adjustment in LGB Emerging Adults. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 62 youth)
| Peer:
|
|
Whitton et al., 2018 USA Romantic Involvement: A Protective Factor for Psychological Health in Racially-Diverse Young Sexual Minorities. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 248 youth)
| Peer:
|
|
Veale et al., 2017 Canada Enacted Stigma, Mental Health, and Protective Factors Among Transgender Youth in Canada | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 923 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
McConnell et al., 2016 USA Families Matter: Social Support and Mental Health Trajectories Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 232 youth)
| Parent/peer
|
|
Mohr and Sarno, 2016 USA The Ups and Downs of Being Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual: A Daily Experience Perspective on Minority Stress and Support Processes. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 61 students)
| Peer
|
|
Taliaferro et al., 2016 USA Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicidality Among Sexual Minority Youth: Risk Factors and Protective Connectedness Factors. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 2223 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Watson et al., 2016 USA Sources of Social Support and Mental Health Among LGB Youth. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 835 youth)
| Peer:
|
|
Wilson, 2016 USA The Impact of Discrimination on the Mental Health of Trans * Female Youth and the Protective Effect of Parental Support. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 216 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Kanhere et al., 2015 USA Psychosexual Development and Quality of Life Outcomes in Females with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 27 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Watson et al., 2015 USA How Does Sexual Identity Disclosure Impact School Experiences? | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 375 youth)
| Parent/Peer:
|
|
Simons et al., 2013 USA Parental Support and Mental Health Among Transgender Adolescents | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 66 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Mustanski et al., 2011 USA Mental Health of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths: A Developmental Resiliency Perspective | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 425 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Bauermeister et al., 2010 USA Relationship Trajectories and Psychological Well-Being Among Sexual Minority Youth | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 350 youth)
| Peer:
|
|
Doty et al., 2010 USA Sexuality Related Social Support Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 98 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Ryan et al., 2010 USA Family Acceptance in Adolescence and the Health of LGBT Young Adults | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 245 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Sheets and Mohr, 2009 USA Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family and Psychosocial Functioning in Bisexual Young Adult College Students | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 210 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Detrie and Lease, 2008 USA The Relation of Social Support, Connectedness, and Collective Self-Esteem to the PsychologicalWell-Being of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 218 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Darby-Mullins and Murdock, 2007 USA The Influence of Family Environment Factors on Self-Acceptance and Emotional Adjustment Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 102 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Floyd et al., 1999 USA Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths: Separation-Individuation, Parental Attitudes, Identity Consolidation, and Well-Being | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 72 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Savin-Williams, 1989 USA Parental Influences on the Self-Esteem of Gay and Lesbian Youth: A Reflected Appraisals Model | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 317 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Savin-Williams, 1989 USA Coming Out to Parents and Self-esteem Among Gay and Lesbian Youths | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 317 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Johnson et al., 2020 USA Trans Adolescents’ Perceptions and Experiences of Their Parents’ Supportive and Rejecting Behaviors. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 24 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
McDermott et al., 2019 England Family trouble: Heteronormativity, Emotion Work and Queer Youth Mental Health. | Qualitative (two phase study)
| Participants (n = 13 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Bry et al. 2017 USA Management of a Concealable Stigmatized Identity: A Qualitative Study of Concealment, Disclosure, and Role Flexing Among Young, Resilient Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 10 youth)
| Parent/peer:
|
|
Mehus et al., 2017 USA/Canada Living as an LGBTQ Adolescent and a Parent’s Child | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 66 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Weinhardt et al., 2017 USA The Role of Family, Friend, and Significant Other Support in Well-Being Among Transgender and Non-Binary Youth. | Mixed-methods research
|
Participants (n = 157) youth survey; focus groups (n = 8)
| Parent:
|
|
Mulcahy et al. 2016 USA Informal Mentoring for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 10) youth
| Provider:
|
|
Bouris et al., 2010 USA A Systematic Review of Parental Influences on the Health and Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Time for a New Public Health Research and Practice Agenda | Systematic review
| Included studies (n = 31 records)
| Parent:
|
|
Diamond and Lucas, 2004 USA Sexual-Minority and Heterosexual Youths’ Peer Relationships: Experiences, Expectations, and Implications for Well-Being | Mixed-methods research
| Participants (n = 60)
| Peer:
|
|
Galupo and St John, 2001 USA Benefits of Cross-Sexual Orientation Friendships Among Adolescent Females | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 20 youth
| Peer:
|
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Community Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eisenberg et al., 2020 USA LGBTQ Youth-Serving Organizations: What Do They Offer and Do They Protect Against Emotional Distress? | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 2454 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
McCann et al., 2020 Global An Exploration of the Relationship Between Spirituality, Religion and Mental Health Among Youth Who Identify as LGBT+: A Systematic Literature Review | Systematic review
| Included studies (n = 9 records)
| Faith communities
|
|
Wagaman et al., 2020 USA Managing Stressors Online and Offline: LGBTQ+ Youth in the Southern United States | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 662 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
McInroy, 2019 USA/Canada Building Connections and Slaying Basilisks: Fostering Support, Resilience, and Positive Adjustment for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Online Fandom Communities | Mixed-methods research
| Participants (n = 3665 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Rubino et al., 2018 Australia Internalized Homophobia and Depression in Lesbian Women: The Protective Role of Pride | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 225 adults)
| LGBTI+ communities (lesbian)
|
|
Scroggs et al., 2018 USA Identity Development and Integration of Religious Identities in Gender and Sexual Minority Emerging Adults | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 961 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
Ceglarek and Ward, 2016 USA A Tool for Help or Harm? How Associations Between Social Networking Use, Social Support, and Mental Health Differ for Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 146 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Meanley et al., 2016 USA Psychological Well-being Among Religious and Spiritual-identified Young Gay and Bisexual Men | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 397 people)
| Faith communities
|
|
Zimmerman et al., 2015 USA Resilience in Community: A Social Ecological Development Model for Young Adult Sexual Minority Women | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 843 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (lesbian)
|
|
Gattis et al., 2014 USA Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among Sexual Minority Youth: Is Gay-Affirming Religious Affiliation a Protective Factor? | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 393 people)
| Faith communities
|
|
Longo et al., 2013 USA Religion and Religiosity: Protective or Harmful Factors for Sexual Minority Youth? | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 250 youth)
| Faith communities
|
|
Walker and Longmire-Avital, 2013 USA The Impact of Religious Faith and Internalized Homonegativity onResiliency for Black Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Emerging Adults | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 175 youth)
| Faith communities
|
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Community Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Goffnett et al., 2020 USA Challenges, Pride, and Connection: A Qualitative Exploration of Advice Transgender Youth Have for Other Transgender Youth | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 19 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (trans)
|
|
Paceley et al., 2020 USA “Sometimes you get married on Facebook”: The Use of Social Media among Nonmetropolitan Sexual and Gender Minority Youth | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 34 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Selkie et al., 2020 USA Transgender Adolescents’ Uses of Social Media for Social Support | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 25 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Chiang et al., 2019 New Zealand Navigating Double Marginalisation: Migrant Chinese Sexual and Gender Minority Young People’s Views on Mental Health Challenges and Supports | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 11 youth)
| Cultural communities
|
|
Schmitz et al., 2019 USA LGBTQ+ Latinx Young Adults’ Health Autonomy in Resisting Cultural Stigma | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 41 youth)
| Cultural communities
|
|
Morris, 2018 UK “Gay capital” in GayStudent FriendshipNetworks: AnIntersectional Analysis ofClass, Masculinity, andDecreased Homophobia | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 40 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (gay)
|
|
Wolowic et al., 2018 USA/Canada Come Along With Me: Linking LGBTQ Youth to Supportive Resources | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 66 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
Zeeman et al., 2017 UK Promoting Resilience and Emotional Well-Being of Transgender Young People: Research at the Intersections of Gender and Sexuality | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 5 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (trans)
|
|
Rios and Eaton, 2016 USA Perceived Social Support in the Lives of Gay, Bisexual and Queer Hispanic College Men | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 51 students)
| LGBTI+ communities (gay)
|
|
Craig et al., 2015 Canada Media: A Catalyst for Resilience in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Youth | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 19 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Singh, 2013 USA Transgender Youth of Color and Resilience: NegotiatingOppression and Finding Support | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 13 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (trans)
|
|
Harper et al., 2012 USA What’s Good About Being Gay? Perspectives from Youth | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 63 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (gay)
|
|
Hillier et al., 2012 USA The Internet As a Safety Net: Findings From a Series of Online Focus Groups With LGB and Non-LGB Young People in the United States | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 33 youth)
| Online communities
|
|
Singh et al., 2012 USA “I Am My Own Gender”: Resilience Strategies of Trans Youth | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 19 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities (trans)
|
|
DiFulvio, 2011 USA Sexual Minority Youth, Social Connection and Resilience: From Personal Struggle toCollective Identity | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 22 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
Munoz-Plaza et al., 2002 USA Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Students: Perceived Social Support in the High School Environment | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 12 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
Nesmith et al., 1999 USA Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youth and Young Adults | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 17 youth)
| LGBTI+ communities
|
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poteat et al., 2019 USA Greater Engagement in Gender-Sexuality Alliances (GSAs) and GSA Characteristics Predict Youth Empowerment and Reduced Mental Health Concerns. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 580 youth)
| Gender Sexuality Alliances
|
|
Weinhardt et al., 2019, USA Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youths’ Public Facilities Use and Psychological Well-Being: A Mixed-Method Study | Mixed-methods research
| Participants (n = 127 youth)
| Inclusive policies
|
|
McDonald, 2018 Global Social Support and Mental Health in LGBTQ Adolescents: A Review of the Literature. | Narrative review
| Included studies
| Gay-Straight Alliances:
|
|
Russell et al., 2018 USA Chosen Name Use Is Linked to Reduced Depressive Symptoms, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior Among Transgender Youth. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 129 youth)
| Inclusive policies:
|
|
Porta, Gower et al., 2017 Canada/USA “Kicked out”: LGBTQ youths’ Bathroom Experiences and Preferences. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 25 youth)
| Inclusive policies
|
|
Porta, Singer et al., 2017 Canada/US LGBTQ Youth’s Views on Gay-Straight Alliances: Building Community, Providing Gateways, and Representing Safety and Support. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 58 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Wernick et al., 2017 USA Gender Identity Disparities in Bathroom Safety and Wellbeing among High School Students | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 86)
| Inclusive policies (bathrooms)
|
|
Jones, 2016 Australia Education Policies: Potential Impacts and Implications in Australia and Beyond. | Mixed-methods research
| Participants (n = 3134 youth)
| Inclusive policies
|
|
Poteat et al., 2016 USA Promoting Youth Agency Through Dimensions of Gay-Straight Alliance Involvement and Conditions that Maximize Associations. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 205 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Poteat et al., 2015 USA Contextualizing Gay-Straight Alliances: Student, Advisor, and Structural Factors Related to Positive Youth Development Among Members. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 85 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Hatzenbuehler et al., 2014 USA Protective School Climates and Reduced Risk for Suicide Ideation in Sexual Minority Youths. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 4314 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Heck et al., 2013 USA Offsetting Risks: High School Gay Straight Alliances and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Youth. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 145 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
McCarty-Caplan, 2013 USA Schools, Sex Education, and Support for Sexual Minorities: Exploring Historic Marginalization and Future Potential | Narrative review
| Studies
| Gay–Straight Alliances:
|
|
Jones and Hillier, 2012 Australia Sexuality Education School Policy for Australian GLBTIQ Students | Mixed-methods research
| Participants (n = 3134 youth)
| Inclusive policies:
|
|
Toomey and Russell, 2011 USA Gay-Straight Alliances, Social Justice Involvement, and School Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Youth: Implications for School Well-Being and Plans to Vote. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 230 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Toomey et al., 2011 USA High School Gay–Straight Alliances (GSAs) and Young Adult Well-Being: An Examination of GSA Presence, Participation, and Perceived Effectiveness. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 245 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances
|
|
Walls et al., 2010 USA Gay-Straight Alliances and School Experiences of Sexual Minority Youth. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 135 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances:
|
|
Lee, 2002, USA The Impact of Belonging to a High School Gay/Straight Alliance | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 7 youth)
| Gay–Straight Alliances:
| Increased school attendance, expected college attendance
|
Author/Year/Location Title | Methodology/Analysis | Demographic Details | Intersecting Protective Factors | Wellbeing Indicator |
---|---|---|---|---|
Paceley et al. 2020 US “It feels like home”: Transgender Youth in the Midwest and Conceptualizations of Community Climate | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 19)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Wilson and Cariola, 2020 Global LGBTQI+ Youth and Mental Health: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research. | Systematic review
| Included studies (n = 34 records)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Poštuvan et al., 2019 Global Suicidal Behaviour Among Sexual-Minority Youth: A Review of the Role of Acceptance and Support | Narrative review
| Included studies
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Taliaferro et al., 2019 USA Risk and Protective Factors for Self-Harm in a Population-Based Sample of Transgender Youth. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 1635 youth)
| Parent/Provider:
|
|
Eisenberg et al., 2018 US/Canada Helping Young People Stay Afloat: A Qualitative Study of Community Resources and Supports for LGBTQ Adolescents in the U.S. and Canada. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 66 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Gower et al., 2018 USA Supporting Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth: Protection Against Emotional Distress and Substance Use. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 2168 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Hall, 2018 US Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors for Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, andQueer Youth: A Systematic Review | Systematic review
| Included studies (n = 35 records)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Johns et al., 2018 US Protective Factors Among Transgender and Gender Variant Youth: A Systematic Review by Socioecological Level. | Systematic review
| Included studies (n = 21 records)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Sansfaçon et al., 2018 Canada Digging Beneath the Surface: Results from Stage One of a Qualitative Analysis of Factors Influencing the Well-Being of Trans Youth in Quebec | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 24 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Jones, Smith et al., 2016 Australia School Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Students in Australia. | Mixed-Methods Research
| Participants (n = 189 youth)
| Interpersonal
|
|
Snapp et al., 2015 USA Social Support Networks for LGBT Young Adults: Low Cost Strategies for Positive Adjustment | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 245 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Higa, 2014 US Negative and Positive Factors Associated with the Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning (LGBTQ) Youth. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 68 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Reisner et al., 2014 USA A Compensatory Model of Risk and Resilience Applied to Adolescent Sexual Orientation Disparities in Nonsuicidal Self-Injury and Suicide Attempts. | Quantitative
| Participants (n = 225 youth)
| Parent:
|
|
Singh et al., 2013 US “It’s already hard enough being a student”: Developing Affirming College Environments for Trans Youth. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 17)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Torres et al., 2012 US Examining Natural Mentoring Relationships (NMRs) Among Self-Identified Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning (GBQ) Male Youth. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 39 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Cohn and Hastings, 2010 US Resilience Among Rural Lesbian Youth | Narrative review
| Included studies (19 records)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Davis et al., 2009 US Supporting the Emotional and Psychological Well Being of Sexual Minority Youth: Youth Ideas for Action. | Mixed-Methods Research
| Participants (n = 33 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Sadowski et al., 2009 US Meeting the Needs of LGBTQ Youth: A “Relational Assets” Approach. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 30 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
Fenaughty and Harré, 2003 NZ Life on the Seesaw: A Qualitative Study of Suicide Resiliency Factors for Young Gay Men. | Qualitative
| Participants (n = 8 youth)
| Interpersonal:
|
|
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Share and Cite
Ceatha, N.; Koay, A.C.C.; Buggy, C.; James, O.; Tully, L.; Bustillo, M.; Crowley, D. Protective Factors for LGBTI+ Youth Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Underpinned by Recognition Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111682
Ceatha N, Koay ACC, Buggy C, James O, Tully L, Bustillo M, Crowley D. Protective Factors for LGBTI+ Youth Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Underpinned by Recognition Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111682
Chicago/Turabian StyleCeatha, Nerilee, Aaron C. C. Koay, Conor Buggy, Oscar James, Louise Tully, Marta Bustillo, and Des Crowley. 2021. "Protective Factors for LGBTI+ Youth Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Underpinned by Recognition Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111682
APA StyleCeatha, N., Koay, A. C. C., Buggy, C., James, O., Tully, L., Bustillo, M., & Crowley, D. (2021). Protective Factors for LGBTI+ Youth Wellbeing: A Scoping Review Underpinned by Recognition Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11682. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111682