Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Setting
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Study Participants
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Recruitment
2.7. Intervention
- Importance of water safety education and survival swimming
- Hazard identification in, on and around different aquatic environments
- Common high-risk aquatic activities and factors that lead to drowning
- Safety signs
- Basic boating safety
- Safe rescue
- Safe entries (slide in and compact jump) and exits
- Breath control
- Movements in and through water
- Sculling and treading water
- Floating
- Rotation
- Swimming: survival backstroke, survival breaststroke
- Basic Life Support following drowning (DRSABCD)
- Role play on Emergency Scenario to cover all the knowledge and skills
- Drowning is a major type of unintentional injury. Let’s be safe around the open water bodies.
- Accidental drowning kills >855 people in Sri Lanka each year. Let’s avoid risky aquatic activities.
- Drowning can be prevented. Unsafe and unskilled rescue leads to multiple drownings.
- Males are four times more likely to drown than females. Let’s be safe around the water.
- Being in the water is fun. But unsafe activities can kill you. Let’s learn to be safe on, in and around water.
2.8. Preventing Contamination
2.9. Data Collection
2.9.1. Knowledge and Attitudes Assessment
2.9.2. Skills Assessment
2.10. Data Collection Instruments
2.10.1. Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire
2.10.2. Skills Assessment Protocol
2.11. Data Analysis
2.12. Safety of the Participants during the Training and Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Levels of Knowledge, Attitudes and Survival Swimming Skills
3.3. Comparison of Water Safety Knowledge Scores within and between Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Statements |
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Knowledge |
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Attitudes
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Characteristic | Intervention Group (n = 60) n (%) | Control Group (n = 56) n (%) | Test Value | Df | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | |||||
Mean (SD) | 22.0 (±0.759) | 22.02 (±0.924) | −0.113 | 114 | 0.911 a |
21 years | 6 (26.7%) | 19 (33.9%) | |||
22 years | 29 (48.3%) | 22 (39.3%) | |||
23 years | 14 (23.3%) | 10 (17.9%) | |||
24 years | 1 (1.7%) | 5 (8.9%) | |||
Sex | |||||
Male | 15 (25.0%) | 20 (35.7%) | 1.578 | 1 | 0.209 b |
Female | 45 (75.0%) | 36 (64.3%) | |||
Faculty | |||||
Agriculture | 14 (23.3%) | 9 (16.1%) | 27.387 | 3 | 0.000 *,b |
Arts | 24 (40.0%) | 10 (17.9%) | |||
Science | 22 (36.7%) | 17 (30.4%) | |||
Management | 0 (0%) | 20 (35.7%) | |||
Nationality | |||||
Sinhala | 60 (100%) | 56 (100%) | Constant | ||
Religion | |||||
Buddhist | 55 (91.7%) | 53 (94.6%) | 0.718 c | ||
Catholic | 5 (8.3%) | 3 (5.4%) | |||
Ever been in deep water (above waist height) | |||||
Yes | 59 (98.3%) | 54 (96.4%) | 0.737 c | ||
No | 1 (1.7%) | 2 (3.6%) | |||
Ever tried swimming | |||||
Yes | 56 (93.3%) | 51 (91.1%) | 0.737 c | ||
No | 4 (6.7%) | 5 (8.9%) | |||
Can swim (perform any propulsive movement of the body through the water using hands and legs, regardless of the technique) | |||||
Yes | 36 (60.0%) | 23 (41.1%) | 4.152 | 1 | 0.063 b |
No | 24 (40.0%) | 33 (58.9%) | |||
Total | 60 (100%) | 56 (100%) |
Outcome | Level * | Intervention Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 56) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 n (%) | T1 n (%) | T2 n (%) | T0 n (%) | T1 n (%) | T2 n (%) | ||
Knowledge | Poor | 57 (95.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (96.4) | 47 (83.9) | 50 (89.3) |
Moderate | 3 (5.0) | 8.3 (5) | 6 (10.0) | 2 (3.6) | 9 (16.1) | 6 (10.7) | |
Good | 0 (0.0) | 55 (91.7) | 54 (90.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Poor | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Attitudes | Moderate | 34 (56.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (60.7) | 17 (30.4) | 22 (39.3) |
Good | 26 (43.3) | 60 (100) | 60 (100) | 21 (37.5) | 39 (69.6) | 34 (60.7) | |
Skills | Poor | 60 (100) | 6 (10.0) | 4 (6.6) | 56 (100) | 56 (100) | 56 (100) |
Moderate | 0 (0.0) | 21 (35.0) | 28 (46.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Good | 0 (0.0) | 33 (55.0) | 28 (46.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Outcome | Time Points | Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn Diff | Z | p-Value | Mdn Diff | Z | p-Value | ||
Knowledge | T0 vs. T1 | 7 | 6.751 | 0.000 * | 1 | 3.045 | 0.002 * |
T1 vs. T2 | 0 | 0.590 | 0.555 | −1 | 1.192 | 0.233 | |
Attitudes | T0 vs. T1 | 13.5 | 6.742 | 0.000 * | 3.5 | 5.887 | 0.000 * |
T1 vs. T2 | −0.5 | −1.578 | 0.115 | 0.5 | −1.458 | 0.145 | |
Skills | T0 vs. T1 | 17 | 6.745 | 0.000 * | −1 | 1.137 | 0.255 |
T1 vs. T2 | 0 | 0.853 | 0.394 | 0 | 0.577 | 0.564 |
Outcome | Time Points | Intervention Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 56) | Between Group Comparison Intervention vs. Control | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mdn (IQR) | Mdn (IQR) | U | Z | p | ||
Knowledge | T0 | 6 (5–7) | 6 (5–7) | 1679 | −0.006 | 0.996 |
T1 | 13 (12–14) | 7 (5–8) | 3 | −9.320 | 0.000 * | |
T2 | 13 (12–14) | 6 (5–8) | 4 | −9.328 | 0.000 * | |
Attitudes | T0 | 67 (61.25–70) | 66 (62–70) | 1555 | −0.689 | 0.491 |
T1 | 80.5 (79–82) | 69.5 (66.25–74) | 209 | −8.140 | 0.000 * | |
T2 | 80 (78–82.75) | 70.0 (64.25–74) | 252 | −7.899 | 0.000 * | |
Skills | T0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2.75) | 1601 | −0.451 | 0.652 |
T1 | 18 (16–20.75) | 1 (0–3) | 0.0 | −9.323 | 0.000 * | |
T2 | 17 (16–20) | 1 (0–3) | −5 | 9.323 | 0.000 * |
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Ekanayaka, J.; Geok, C.K.; Matthews, B.; Dharmaratne, S.D. Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 11428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111428
Ekanayaka J, Geok CK, Matthews B, Dharmaratne SD. Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21):11428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111428
Chicago/Turabian StyleEkanayaka, Jeewanthika, Chan Kim Geok, Bernadette Matthews, and Samath D. Dharmaratne. 2021. "Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21: 11428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111428
APA StyleEkanayaka, J., Geok, C. K., Matthews, B., & Dharmaratne, S. D. (2021). Influence of a Survival Swimming Training Programme on Water Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Skills: A Randomized Controlled Trial among Young Adults in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 11428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111428