The Moderating Role of Parental Sleep Knowledge on Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Parents’ Sleep
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials And Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Demographic Questionnaire
2.3.2. Child Sleep Problems and Nocturnal Sleep Duration
2.3.3. Parental Sleep Impairment
2.3.4. Parental Sleep Knowledge (Moderating Variable)
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Parental Sleep Knowledge
4.2. Limitations and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IDD | Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities |
ASD | Autism Specturum Disorders |
ADHD | Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder |
FASD | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders |
SEMH | Social, Emotional, Mental Health |
References
- Patel, D.R.; Apple, R.; Kanungo, S.; Akkal, A. Intellectual disability: Definitions, evaluation and principles of treatment. Pediatr. Med. 2018, 1, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonuck, K.; Grant, R. Sleep problems and early developmental delay: Implications for early intervention programs. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 2012, 50, 41–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krakowiak, P.; Goodlin-Jones, B.; Hertz-Picciotto, I.; Croen, L.A.; Hansen, R.L. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: A population-based study. J. Sleep Res. 2008, 17, 197–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Richdale, A.L.; Schreck, K.A. Sleep problems in autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, nature, & possible biopsychosocial aetiologies. Sleep Med. Rev. 2009, 13, 403–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sateia, M.J. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: Highlights and modifications. Chest 2014, 146, 1387–1394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Owens, J.; Palermo, T. Introduction to the Special Issue: Sleep in Children with Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2008, 33, 335–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Esbensen, A.J.; Schwichtenberg, A.J. Sleep in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int. Rev. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2016, 51, 153–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Richdale, A.; Francis, A.; Gavidia-Payne, S.; Cotton, S. Stress, behaviour, and sleep problems in children with an intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Dev. Disabil. 2000, 25, 147–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopez-Wagner, M.C.; Hoffman, C.D.; Sweeney, D.P.; Hodge, D.; Gilliam, J.E. Sleep problems of parents of typically developing children and parents of children with autism. J. Genet. Psychol. 2008, 169, 245–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meltzer, L.J.; Mindell, J.A. Relationship between child sleep disturbances and maternal sleep, mood, and parenting stress: A pilot study. J. Fam. Psychol. JFP J. Div. Fam. Psychol. Am. Psychol. Assoc. (Div. 43) 2007, 21, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bourke-Taylor, H.; Pallant, J.F.; Law, M.; Howie, L. Relationships between sleep disruptions, health and care responsibilities among mothers of school-aged children with disabilities. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2013, 49, 775–782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.; Spratling, R.; Helvig, A. Sleep Characteristics in Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities. J. Pediatr. Health Care 2018, 32, e9–e18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gallagher, S.; Phillips, A.C.; Carroll, D. Parental stress is associated with poor sleep quality in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2010, 35, 728–737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Goldman, S.E.; Bichell, T.J.; Surdyka, K.; Malow, B.A. Sleep in children and adolescents with Angelman syndrome: Association with parent sleep and stress. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. Jidr 2012, 56, 600–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Van Cauter, E.; Holmback, U.; Knutson, K.; Leproult, R.; Miller, A.; Nedeltcheva, A.; Pannain, S.; Penev, P.; Tasali, E.; Spiegel, K. Impact of sleep and sleep loss on neuroendocrine and metabolic function. Horm. Res. 2007, 67, 2–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kato, M.; Adachi, T.; Koshino, Y.; Somers, V.K. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Circ. J. Off. J. Jpn. Circ. Soc. 2009, 73, 1363–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Miller, M.A.; Cappuccio, F.P. Inflammation, sleep, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2007, 5, 93–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uskul, A.K.; Greenglass, E. Psychological wellbeing in a Turkish-Canadian sample. Anxiety Stress. Coping 2005, 18, 269–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, J. Maternal stress, well-being, and impaired sleep in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: A literature review. Res. Dev. Disabil. 2013, 34, 4255–4273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polimeni, M.; Richdale, A.; Francis, A. The Impact of Children’s Sleep Problems on the Family and Behavioural Processes Related to their Development and Maintenance. E J. Appl. Psychol. 2007, 3, 76–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Quine, L. Severity of sleep problems in children with severe learning difficulties: Description and correlates. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 1992, 2, 247–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shang, C.Y.; Gau, S.S.F.; Soong, W.T. Association between childhood sleep problems and perinatal factors, parental mental distress and behavioral problems. J. Sleep Res. 2006, 15, 63–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malow, B.A.; Adkins, K.W.; Reynolds, A.; Weiss, S.K.; Loh, A.; Fawkes, D.; Katz, T.; Goldman, S.E.; Madduri, N.; Hundley, R.; et al. Parent-based sleep education for children with autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2014, 44, 216–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McDowall, P.S.; Galland, B.C.; Campbell, A.J.; Elder, D.E. Parent knowledge of children’s sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Med. Rev. 2017, 31, 39–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiggs, L.; Stores, G. Sleep Problems in Children with Severe Intellectual Disabilities: What Help is being Provided? J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 1996, 9, 160–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bramble, D. Consumer opinion concerning the treatment off a common sleep problem. Child Care Health Dev. 1996, 22, 355–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Didden, R.; Korzilius, H.; Aperlo, B.v.; Overloop, C.v.; Vries, M.d. Sleep problems and daytime problem behaviours in children with intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2002, 46, 537–547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Am, R.; Al, R. Sleep problems in children with an intellectual disability: Parental perceptions of sleep problems, and views of treatment effectiveness. Child Care Health Dev. 2004, 30, 139–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keenan, R.A.; Wild, M.R.; McArthur, I.; Espie, C.A. Children with developmental disabilities and sleep problems: Parental beliefs and treatment acceptability. J. Appl. Res. Intellect. Disabil. 2007, 20, 455–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strocker, A.M.; Shapiro, N.L. Parental understanding and attitudes of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea and adenotonsillectomy. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2007, 71, 1709–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malow, B.A.; Adkins, K.W.; McGrew, S.G.; Wang, L.; Goldman, S.E.; Fawkes, D.; Burnette, C. Melatonin for Sleep in Children with Autism: A Controlled Trial Examining Dose, Tolerability, and Outcomes. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2012, 42, 1729–1737. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jan, J.E.; Owens, J.A.; Weiss, M.D.; Johnson, K.P.; Wasdell, M.B.; Freeman, R.D.; Ipsiroglu, O.S. Sleep hygiene for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities. Pediatrics 2008, 122, 1343–1350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beebe, D.W. Sleep Problems as Consequence, Contributor, and Comorbidity: Introduction to the Special Issue on Sleep, Published in Coordination With Special Issues in Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology and Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2016, 41, 583–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Department for Education. Special Educational Needs and Disability Code of Practice: 0 to 25 Years. 2015. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/398815/SEND_Code_of_Practice_January_2015.pdf (accessed on 14 January 2021).
- Irwanto, N.; Rehatta, N.M.; Hartini, S.; Takada, S. Sleep Problem of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder Assessed by Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated in Indonesia and Japan. Kobe J. Med. Sci. 2016, 62, E22–E26. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- PROMIS Item Bank v.1.0 Sleep Related Impairment. 2018. Available online: https://www.healthmeasures.net/index.php?option=com_instruments&view=measure&id=71&Itemid=992 (accessed on 1 December 2020).
- Owens, J.A.; Jones, C.; Nash, R. Caregivers’ Knowledge, Behavior, and Attitudes Regarding Healthy Sleep in Young Children. J. Clin. Sleep Med. Jcsm Off. Publ. Am. Acad. Sleep Med. 2011, 7, 345–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hayes, A. PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Modeling; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Mayes, S.D.; Calhoun, S.L. Variables related to sleep problems in children with autism. Res. Autism Spectr. Disord. 2009, 3, 931–941. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aiken, L.S.; West, S.G.; Reno, R.R. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions; SAGE: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Meltzer, L.J. Brief Report: Sleep in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2007, 33, 380–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, W. Sadly, the earth is still round (p < 0.05). J. Sport Health Sci. 2012, 1, 9–11. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, W. p < 0.05,< 0.01,< 0.001,< 0.0001,< 0.00001,< 0.000001, or< 0.0000001…. J. Sport Health Sci. 2016, 5, 77. [Google Scholar]
- Hirshkowitz, M.; Whiton, K.; Albert, S.M.; Alessi, C.; Bruni, O.; DonCarlos, L.; Hazen, N.; Herman, J.; Katz, E.S.; Kheirandish-Gozal, L.; et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015, 1, 40–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ng, A.S.; Dodd, H.F.; Gamble, A.L.; Hudson, J.L. The Relationship Between Parent and Child Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep and Child Sleep. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2013, 22, 827–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, C.H.; Owens, J.A.; Pham, B. Can a brief educational intervention improve parents’ knowledge of healthy children’s sleep? A pilot-test. Health Educ. J. 2013, 72, 601–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreck, K.A.; Richdale, A.L. Knowledge of childhood sleep: A possible variable in under or misdiagnosis of childhood sleep problems. J. Sleep Res. 2011, 20, 589–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aishworiya, R.; Kiing, J.S.H.; Chan, Y.H.; Tung, S.S.W.; Law, E. Screen time exposure and sleep among children with developmental disabilities. J. Paediatr. Child Health 2018, 54, 889–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Teens and Sleep 2006. Available online: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/professionals/sleep-americar-polls/2006-teens-and-sleep (accessed on 1 December 2020).
- Owens, J.A. Introduction: Culture and sleep in children. Pediatrics 2005, 115, 201–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raman, S.R.; Man, K.K.; Bahmanyar, S.; Berard, A.; Bilder, S.; Boukhris, T.; Bushnell, G.; Crystal, S.; Furu, K.; KaoYang, Y.H.; et al. Trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: A retrospective observational study using population-based databases. Lancet Psychiatry 2018, 5, 824–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richdale, A.L.; Baker, E.K. Sleep in Individuals with an Intellectual or Developmental Disability: Recent Research Reports. Curr. Dev. Disord. Rep. 2014, 1, 74–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeLeon, I.G.; Fisher, W.W.; Marhefka, J.M. Decreasing self-injurious behavior associated with awakening in a child with autism and developmental delays. Behav. Interv. 2004, 19, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, H.E.; McGrew, S.G.; Artibee, K.; Surdkya, K.; Goldman, S.E.; Frank, K.; Wang, L.; Malow, B.A. Parent-based sleep education workshops in autism. J. Child Neurol. 2009, 24, 936–945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wolfson, A.; Lacks, P.; Futterman, A. Effects of parent training on infant sleeping patterns, parents’ stress, and perceived parental competence. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1992, 60, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keshavarzi, Z.; Bajoghli, H.; Mohamadi, M.R.; Salmanian, M.; Kirov, R.; Gerber, M.; Holsboer-Trachsler, E.; Brand, S. In a randomized case–control trial with 10-years olds suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) sleep and psychological functioning improved during a 12-week sleep-training program. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 15, 609–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Primary Diagnosis | N | Percent | Boys (n) | Girls (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ASD | 429 | 73.7% | 320 | 109 |
IDD * | 78 | 12.4% | 41 | 37 |
ADHD | 32 | 5.5% | 22 | 10 |
Down’s Syndrome | 17 | 2.9% | 8 | 9 |
Cerebral Palsy | 8 | 1.4% | 8 | 0 |
FASD | 7 | 1.2% | 4 | 3 |
SEMH ** | 6 | 1% | 4 | 2 |
Sensory Processing Disorder | 5 | 0.9% | 3 | 2 |
Total | 582 | 100% | 410 | 172 |
Secondary Diagnosis | N | Percent |
---|---|---|
ASD | 13 | 3.% |
IDD * | 151 | 39.5% |
ADHD | 108 | 28.3% |
Cerebral Palsy | 2 | 0.5% |
SEMH ** | 21 | 5.5% |
Sensory Processing Disorder | 42 | 11% |
Physical Disability *** | 17 | 4.5% |
Dyslexia or Dyspraxia | 16 | 4.2% |
Epilepsy | 12 | 3.1% |
Total | 382 | 100% |
Av. Child Sleep Hours (per Night) | M | SD |
---|---|---|
ASD | 6.16 | 2.12 |
IDD * | 7.01 | 2.45 |
ADHD | 6.03 | 2.37 |
Down’s Syndrome | 7.53 | 2.58 |
Cerebral Palsy | 6.38 | 2.58 |
FASD | 6.15 | 2.17 |
SEMH ** | 7.58 | 3.11 |
Sensory Processing Disorder | 7.10 | 2.13 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Child Age | - | ||||
2. Child Nocturnal Sleep Duration | r = −0.160 ** | ||||
CI = [−0.23, −0.07] | - | ||||
d = −0.32 | |||||
3. Child Sleep Problems | r = −0.26 ** | r = −0.19 ** | |||
CI = [−0.34, −0.18] | CI = [−0.27, −0.11] | - | |||
d = −0.54 | d = −0.39 | ||||
4. Parent Sleep Related Impairment | r = 0.01 | r = −0.20 ** | r = 0.17 ** | ||
CI = [−0.07, 0.09] | CI = [−0.27, −0.12] | CI = [0.09, 0.25] | - | ||
d = −0.03 | d = −0.40 | d = 0.35 | |||
5. Parent Sleep Knowledge | r = −0.07 | r = 0.12 ** | r = −0.04 | r = −0.04 | |
CI = [−0.15, 0.01] | CI = [0.04, −0.20] | CI = [−0.12, 0.04] | CI = [−0.12, 0.05] | - | |
d = −0.15 | d = 0.24 | d = 0.09 | d = −0.07 |
Model 1 | Parental Sleep Impairment | |
n = 582 | R = 0.184 | |
R2 = 0.034 | ||
F = 4.026 | ||
B | p | |
Child Age | 0.154 | 0.161 |
Child Primary Diagnosis | −0.056 | 0.863 |
Child Sleep Problems (centred) | 0.169 | <0.001 |
Parental Knowledge (centred) | −0.153 | 0.545 |
Child Sleep Problems × Parental Knowledge | −0.009 | 0.749 |
Model 2 | Parental Sleep Impairment | |
n = 582 | R = 0.221 | |
R2 = 0.049 | ||
F = 7.399 | ||
B | p | |
Child Age | −0.045 | 0.671 |
Child Primary Diagnosis | −0.012 | 0.969 |
Child Nocturnal Sleep Duration (centred) | −0.889 | <0.001 |
Parental Knowledge (centred) | −0.064 | 0.805 |
Child Nocturnal Sleep Duration × Parental Knowledge | −0.270 | 0.017 |
Question | % of Correct Answers |
---|---|
1. Children who do not get enough sleep are more likely to be underweight than overweight; (False) | 64.9 |
2. Snoring indicates a child is sleeping well; (False) | 87.1 |
3. Being under- or overactive can be warning signs that a child is not getting enough sleep; (True) | 67.7 |
4. Watching TV in the bedroom makes it more difficult for children to fall asleep; (True) | 86.4 |
5. Children should have the same bedtime and wake time on weekdays and weekends; (True) | 78.4 |
6. Children only need a bedtime routine if they are having trouble falling asleep; (False) | 96.0 |
7. Well-rested children do not need an alarm clock to wake up in the morning; (True) | 30.8 |
8. The average school-aged child needs 8 h of sleep per night; (False) | 32.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Halstead, E.J.; Jones, A.; Esposito, G.; Dimitriou, D. The Moderating Role of Parental Sleep Knowledge on Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Parents’ Sleep. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020746
Halstead EJ, Jones A, Esposito G, Dimitriou D. The Moderating Role of Parental Sleep Knowledge on Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Parents’ Sleep. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020746
Chicago/Turabian StyleHalstead, Elizabeth J., Alexandra Jones, Gianluca Esposito, and Dagmara Dimitriou. 2021. "The Moderating Role of Parental Sleep Knowledge on Children with Developmental Disabilities and Their Parents’ Sleep" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020746