The Determinants of Telehealth Provision: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Existing Studies
1.3. The Provision of Telehealth Services Is Related to Digital and Economic Factors
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Method
2.2. Data Description
3. Results
Ageing and Economic Effects on the Implementation of Telehealth Systems
4. Discussion and Policy Implications
4.1. Countries’ Characteristics Affect Telehealth Implementation
4.2. Now Is the Time to Promote Telehealth Implementation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | Telehealth | The Elderly/the Population (%) | Life Expectancy | Per Capita GDP (2010 US Dollar) | Morbidity (‰) | Health Spending/GDP (%) | Per Capita Consumption (2010 US Dollar) | Penetration Rate (%) | Total NCD Mortality Rate | Per Capita Tax Payment (2010 US Dollar) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Telehealth | 1 | |||||||||
The elderly/the population (%) | 0.15 | 1 | ||||||||
Life expectancy | 0.04 | 0.19 | 1 | |||||||
Per capita GDP (2010 US dollar) | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 1 | ||||||
Morbidity (‰) | −0.18 | 0.01 | −0.42 | −0.46 | 1 | |||||
Health spending/GDP (%) | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.44 | 0.35 | −0.40 | 1 | ||||
Per capita consumption (2010 US dollar) | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.54 | 0.51 | −0.52 | 0.45 | 1 | |||
Penetration rate (%) | 0.51 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.47 | −0.42 | 0.28 | 0.46 | 1 | ||
Total NCD mortality rate | 0.01 | −0.08 | −0.43 | −0.13 | 0.28 | −0.27 | −0.29 | −0.18 | 1 | |
Per capita tax payment (2010 US dollar) | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.52 | −0.42 | 0.29 | 0.48 | 0.36 | −0.06 | 1 |
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Variables | Mean | Std. Dev. | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|
The elderly/the population (%) | 15.18 | 3.79 | 4.98 | 27.74 |
Life expectancy | 78.93 | 3.10 | 69.14 | 84.20 |
Health spending/GDP (%) | 8.27 | 2.14 | 3.99 | 17.21 |
Per capita GDP (2010 US dollar) | 38,450.74 | 15,898.79 | 12,049.32 | 107,765.8 |
Morbidity (‰) | 10.09 | 5.26 | 1.7 | 23.2 |
Per capita tax payment (2010 US dollar) | 14,099.96 | 6782.02 | 1012.51 | 41,874.82 |
Per capita consumption(2010 US dollar) | 19,144.26 | 9341.55 | 4181.17 | 41,636.29 |
Penetration rate (%) | 63.01 | 23.72 | 3.76 | 98.26 |
Total NCD mortality rate * | 425.15 | 160.54 | 240.4 | 3463.6 |
Study Period = 2000~2017 Number of Observations = 648 Number of Groups = 36 Likelihood-Ratio Test of rho = 0.98: Wald chi2(8) = 184.86 Prob ≧ chibar2 = 0.000 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Telehealth | Coefficient | 95% Conf. Interval | Odds | Current Probability |
The elderly/the population (%) | 1.83 *** (0.43) | 0.99 2.68 | 6.25 | 0.86 |
Life expectancy | 0.25 (0.29) | −0.79 1.29 | - | - |
Health spending/GDP (%) | 0.91 ** (0.56) | 0.14 1.96 | 2.49 | 0.72 |
Per capita GDP (2010 US dollar) | 0.001 *** (0.00) | 0.0003 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.5 |
Morbidity (‰) | 0.16 (0.34) | −0.51 0.83 | - | - |
Per capita tax payment (2010 US dollar) | −0.0005 (0.00) | −0.002 0.0003 | - | - |
Per capita consumption (2010 US dollar) | −0.0006 *** (0.00) | −0.001 −0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.45 |
Penetration rate (%) | 0.35 *** (0.05) | 0.25 0.44 | 1.42 | 0.59 |
Total NCD mortality rate | −0.0001 (0.005) | −0.01 0.01 | - | - |
constant | −83.17 *** (39.82) | −155.00 −11.32 | 0 | 0 |
/sigma_e | 5.10 (0.39) | 4.34 5.87 | ||
/sigma_u | 12.81 (2.50) | 8.74 18.79 | ||
rho | 0.98 (0.00) | 0.96 0.99 |
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Wang, F.; Wang, J.-D. The Determinants of Telehealth Provision: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168288
Wang F, Wang J-D. The Determinants of Telehealth Provision: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168288
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fuhmei, and Jung-Der Wang. 2021. "The Determinants of Telehealth Provision: Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168288