Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Peer Victimization in Early Adolescence
1.2. Associations between Peer Victimization and Reactive–Proactive Aggression
1.3. Potential Sex Differences in Peer Victimization and Aggression
1.4. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. RPQ
2.3.2. PVQ
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sex Differences
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Hierarchical Linear Regression
3.3.1. Reactive Aggression
3.3.2. Proactive Aggression
3.4. Classification of Aggressors
3.5. ANOVA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factor | AVE | CR | Item | Factor Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|
PV | 0.41 | 0.81 | Broke or destroyed my things | 0.51 |
Acted like they were going to beat me up or hurt me | 0.69 | |||
Beat me up or physically hurt me in some way | 0.71 | |||
Stole or took things from me | 0.62 | |||
Physically touched me in a way I did not want | 0.64 | |||
Threw things at me | 0.67 | |||
VV | 0.42 | 0.81 | Called me names | 0.36 |
Said things to put me down | 0.75 | |||
Giggled or laughed at me | 0.74 | |||
Spread rumors about me | 0.67 | |||
Said things to put down people I like or care about | 0.62 | |||
Threatened to beat me up or hurt me | 0.68 | |||
Said things that offended me | 0.75 | |||
SE | 0.53 | 0.87 | Left me out of things they were doing | 0.69 |
Gave me the “silent treatment” (did not talk to me on purpose) | 0.74 | |||
Refused to help me | 0.74 | |||
Did not invite me to parties, dances, social events, etc. | 0.65 | |||
Refused to do things with me | 0.82 | |||
Would not sit near me at lunch or in class | 0.72 | |||
Refused to share information or materials with me | 0.79 | |||
Tried to ditch or get rid of me | 0.73 |
Scale | Male | Female | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1916 | n = 1874 | n = 3790 | ||||||||||
M | SD | S | K | M | SD | S | K | M | SD | S | K | |
Reactive aggression | 0.41 | 0.34 | 1.18 | 1.86 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 1.1 | 1.73 |
Proactive aggression | 0.09 | 0.21 | 3.87 | 20.89 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 4.92 | 34.7 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 4.56 | 29.84 |
Physical victimization | 1.18 | 0.53 | 2.39 | 7.08 | 0.99 | 0.32 | 3.27 | 14.14 | 1.09 | 0.45 | 2.85 | 10.44 |
Verbal victimization | 1.39 | 0.65 | 1.71 | 2.98 | 1.21 | 0.49 | 2.26 | 6.52 | 1.3 | 0.59 | 1.98 | 4.45 |
Social exclusion | 1.46 | 0.66 | 2.26 | 5.99 | 1.32 | 0.53 | 3.14 | 12.94 | 1.39 | 0.61 | 2.62 | 8.45 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age | - | - | - | - | - |
2. Reactive Aggression | −0.01 | - | - | - | - |
3. Proactive Aggression | 0.03 | 0.41 ** | - | - | - |
4. Physical Victimization | 0.07 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.33 ** | - | - |
5. Verbal Victimization | 0.04 * | 0.40 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.65 ** | - |
6. Social Exclusion | 0.03 | 0.34 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.69 ** |
Step | R2 | SE | Factor | β | SE | p | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.315 | 0.02 | Sex | 0.10 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 1.06 |
Age | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.01 | |||
Proactive aggression | 0.44 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.18 | |||
Physical victimization | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.56 | |||
Verbal victimization | 0.30 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 3.26 | |||
Social exclusion | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.71 | 2.87 | |||
2 | 0.318 | 0.02 | Sex | 0.10 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 1.07 |
Age | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 1.01 | |||
Proactive aggression | 0.44 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.18 | |||
Physical victimization | −0.09 | 0.03 | 0.001 | 4.20 | |||
Verbal victimization | 0.33 | 0.04 | <0.001 | 5.49 | |||
Social exclusion | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 5.46 | |||
Physical victimization × sex | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 2.98 | |||
Verbal victimization × sex | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 4.76 | |||
Social exclusion × sex | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 4.46 |
Step | R2 | SE | Factor | β | SE | p | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.312 | 0.02 | Sex | −0.11 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 1.05 |
Age | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 1.01 | |||
Reactive aggression | 0.44 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 1.18 | |||
Physical victimization | 0.25 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 2.48 | |||
Verbal victimization | −0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 3.38 | |||
Social exclusion | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 2.87 | |||
2 | 0.315 | 0.02 | Sex | −0.24 | 0.03 | <0.001 | 1.07 |
Age | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 1.01 | |||
Reactive aggression | 0.13 | 0.01 | <0.001 | 1.18 | |||
Physical victimization | 0.09 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 4.12 | |||
Verbal victimization | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 5.65 | |||
Social exclusion | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 5.46 | |||
Physical victimization × sex | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 2.99 | |||
Verbal victimization × sex | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 4.76 | |||
Social exclusion × sex | −0.03 | 0.02 | <0.001 | 4.44 |
Type of Aggressor | Physical Victimization | Verbal Victimization | Social Exclusion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
Non-aggressors | 2972 | 1.02 a | 0.37 | 1.20 a | 0.50 | 1.31 a | 0.51 |
Reactive aggressors | 444 | 1.20 b | 0.54 | 1.58 b | 0.72 | 1.60 b | 0.81 |
Proactive aggressors | 163 | 1.38 c | 0.61 | 1.57 b | 0.65 | 1.64 b | 0.71 |
Reactive–proactive aggressors | 211 | 1.59 d | 0.66 | 1.90 c | 0.75 | 1.95 c | 0.82 |
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Fung, A.L.-C. Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105443
Fung AL-C. Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105443
Chicago/Turabian StyleFung, Annis Lai-Chu. 2021. "Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105443
APA StyleFung, A. L.-C. (2021). Sex Differences in the Relationships between Forms of Peer Victimization and Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5443. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105443