Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. Anthropometric and Bone Mineral Status Measurements
2.2.2. Dietary Intakes and Physical Activity Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MEAN ± SD/Median (P75–P25)/N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variables | Boys (N = 266) | Girls (N = 200) | p |
Age (y) | 7.95 ± 0.90 | 8.02 ± 0.94 | 0.535 |
Weight (Kg) | 27.28 ± 7.84 | 25.06 ± 5.50 | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 128.9 ± 8.3 | 128.5 ± 7.8 | 0.656 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 15.5 (2.95) | 14.7 (2.30) | <0.001 |
BMI-Zscore | −0.031 ± 1.49 | −0.505 ± 1.17 | <0.001 |
Fat indices | |||
Total fat (Kg) | 6.09 (3.74) | 6.63 (3.17) | <0.001 |
Total fat% (%) | 24.42 (8.92) | 28.27 (8.29) | 0.134 |
TBLH fat (Kg) | 5.22 (3.75) | 5.86 (3.11) | <0.001 |
TBLH t fat% (%) | 24.66 (10.21) | 29.16 (9.63) | 0.149 |
Android fat (Kg) | 0.31 (0.26) | 0.32 (0.19) | <0.001 |
Android fat% (%) | 21.54 (10.34) | 23.78 (9.06) | 0.066 |
Gynoid fat (Kg) | 1.05 (0.72) | 1.21 (0.60) | 0.001 |
Gynoid fat% (%) | 30.78 (9.04) | 35.22 (8.57) | 0.162 |
Android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 0.73 (0.17) | 0.71 (0.15) | 0.048 |
Trunk fat (Kg) | 2.17 (1.46) | 2.34 (1.21) | 0.001 |
Trunk fat% (%) | 21.02 (8.38) | 24.03 (8.64) | 0.349 |
Limb fat (Kg) | 3.11 (2.23) | 3.48 (1.75) | <0.001 |
Limb fat% (%) | 28.30 (11.0) | 34.03 (10.0) | 0.081 |
Trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 0.32 (0.16) | 0.39 (0.16) | 0.035 |
TBLH bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.613 ± 0.07 | 0.602 ± 0.06 | 0.12 |
TBLH bone mineral content (g) | 583 ± 114 | 585 ± 106 | 0.278 |
Total bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 0.791 ± 0.06 | 0.767 ± 0.06 | 0.431 |
Total bone mineral content (g) | 936 ± 139 | 915 ± 133 | 0.335 |
Energy intake (Kcal) | 1422 (554) | 1267 (537) | 0.228 |
Physical activity (MET.h/d) | 40.0 (4.4) | 38.2 (4.6) | 0.05 |
EA-Protein intake (g) | 67.13 ± 9.66 | 61.68 ± 9.47 | 0.991 |
EA-Fat intake (g) | 46.52 ± 10.87 | 41.10 ± 8.80 | 0.197 |
EA-Calcium intake (mg) | 508 (166) | 477 (152) | 0.244 |
EA-Magnesium intake (mg) | 262 (51) | 251 (41) | 0.59 |
Paternal BMI | 23.5 (3.9) | 23.7 (3.3) | 0.911 |
Maternal BMI | 21.5 (3.4) | 21.0 (3.3) | 0.212 |
Calcium supplementation | 0.213 | ||
yes | 115 (43.2) | 75 (37.5) | |
no | 151 (56.8) | 125 (62.5) | |
Multi-vitamins supplementation | 0.821 | ||
yes | 46 (17.3) | 33 (16.5) | |
no | 220 (82.7) | 167 (83.5) |
TBLH BMD (g/cm2) | %Diff | ANCOVA | Z-Score | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | P-Diff | P-Trend | Linear Regression | ||||||
Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | B | SEM | ||||
g/cm² | g/cm² | g/cm² | 103g/cm² | 103g/cm² | |||||||
Boys | |||||||||||
Weight | 0.583 ± 0.005 | 89 | 0.606 ± 0.004 †† | 89 | 0.655 ± 0.005 ††† | 88 | 12.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 35.45 | 2.60 *** |
WA-total FM | 0.626 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.618 ± 0.003 † | 89 | 0.602 ± 0.003 ††† | 88 | −3.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.75 | 2.15 *** |
WA-total %FM | 0.623 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.616 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.607 ± 0.003 † | 88 | −2.6 | 0.004 | 0.001 | −6.76 | 2.16 ** |
WA-TBLH FM | 0.624 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.614 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.601 ± 0.003 ††† | 88 | −3.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.53 | 2.15 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 0.622 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.616 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.607 ± 0.003 † | 88 | −2.4 | 0.008 | 0.002 | −6.39 | 2.14 ** |
WA- Android FM | 0.625 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.616 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.604 ± 0.003 †† | 88 | −3.4 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −9.94 | 2.01 *** |
WA- Android %FM | 0.620 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.611 ± 0.003 | 88 | −1.5 | 0.114 | 0.038 | −4.95 | 2.04 * |
WA-Gynoid FM | 0.622 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.609 ± 0.003 | 88 | −2.1 | 0.024 | 0.006 | −5.05 | 1.87 ** |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 0.621 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.609 ± 0.003 | 88 | −1.9 | 0.033 | 0.009 | −4.84 | 2.01 * |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.616 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.614 ± 0.003 | 88 | −0.2 | 0.911 | 0.940 | 0.62 | 1.78 |
WA-trunk FM | 0.622 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.618 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.599 ± 0.003 ††† | 88 | −3.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.51 | 2.12 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 0.622 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.614 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.604 ± 0.003 †† | 88 | −2.9 | 0.002 | 0.001 | −5.55 | 1.99 ** |
WA-limb FM | 0.626 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.604 ± 0.003 ††† | 88 | −3.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −7.08 | 2.01 ** |
WA-limb %FM | 0.623 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.614 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.608 ± 0.003 †† | 88 | −2.4 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −5.17 | 2.04 * |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 0.624 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.617 ± 0.003 | 89 | 0.604 ± 0.003 | 88 | −3.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −8.22 | 2.26 *** |
Girls | |||||||||||
Weight | 0.579 ± 0.005 | 67 | 0.601 ± 0.004 ††† | 67 | 0.633 ± 0.005 ††† | 66 | 9.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 47.96 | 4.22 *** |
WA-total FM | 0.618 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.604 ± 0.003 ††† | 67 | 0.592 ± 0.004 ††† | 66 | −4.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −15.69 | 2.34 *** |
WA-total %FM | 0.618 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.603 ± 0.003 †† | 67 | 0.593 ± 0.003 ††† | 66 | −4.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −12.50 | 2.30 *** |
WA-TBLH FM | 0.619 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.602 ± 0.003 ††† | 67 | 0.593 ± 0.004 ††† | 66 | −4.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −15.60 | 2.34 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 0.617 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.600 ± 0.003 †† | 67 | 0.589 ± 0.003 ††† | 66 | −4.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −12.19 | 2.31 *** |
WA- Android FM | 0.615 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.603 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.596 ± 0.004 †† | 66 | −3.1 | 0.007 | 0.002 | −13.00 | 2.90 *** |
WA- Android %FM | 0.614 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.605 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.595 ± 0.004 †† | 66 | −3.1 | 0.007 | 0.002 | −10.28 | 2.33 *** |
WA-Gynoid FM | 0.615 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.602 ± 0.003 † | 67 | 0.597 ± 0.004 † | 66 | −2.9 | 0.004 | 0.001 | −7.57 | 2.36 ** |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 0.612 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.604 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.598 ± 0.004 † | 66 | −2.3 | 0.033 | 0.009 | −8.55 | 2.46 ** |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 0.611 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.598 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.605 ± 0.004 | 66 | −1.0 | 0.039 | 0.273 | −3.50 | 2.18 |
WA-trunk FM | 0.618 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.600 ± 0.003 †† | 67 | 0.587 ± 0.003 ††† | 66 | −5.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −14.25 | 2.06 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 0.618 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.599 ± 0.003 ††† | 67 | 0.588 ± 0.003 ††† | 66 | −4.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −12.73 | 2.08 *** |
WA-limb FM | 0.616 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.602 ± 0.003 †† | 67 | 0.596 ± 0.004 ††† | 66 | −3.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −13.21 | 2.27 *** |
WA-limb %FM | 0.615 ± 0.004 | 67 | 0.603 ± 0.003 ††† | 67 | 0.597 ± 0.004 ††† | 66 | −2.9 | 0.004 | 0.001 | −10.85 | 2.34 *** |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 0.618 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.605 ± 0.003 | 67 | 0.591 ± 0.004 | 66 | −4.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −12.46 | 2.17 *** |
TBLH BMC (g) | %Diff | ANCOVA | Z-Score | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | P-Diff | P-Trend | Linear Regression | ||||||
Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | B | SEM | ||||
g | g | g | g | g | |||||||
Boys | |||||||||||
Weight | 553 ± 8.6 | 89 | 579 ± 6.1 | 89 | 629 ± 8.3 ††† | 88 | 13.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 57.83 | 4.08 *** |
WA-total FM | 602 ± 5.3 | 89 | 588 ± 4.8 | 89 | 570 ± 5.1 †† | 88 | −5.3 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −17.32 | 3.41 *** |
WA-total %FM | 603 ± 4.9 | 89 | 589 ± 4.7 | 89 | 569 ± 4.8 ††† | 88 | −5.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −15.73 | 3.31 *** |
WA-TBLH FM | 603 ± 5.3 | 89 | 588 ± 4.7 | 89 | 569 ± 5.1 †† | 88 | −5.6 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −16.71 | 3.41 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 602 ± 4.9 | 89 | 590 ± 4.7 | 89 | 569 ± 4.8 ††† | 88 | −5.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −15.23 | 3.29 *** |
WA-Android FM | 608 ± 5.1 | 89 | 588 ± 4.6 | 89 | 566 ± 5.0 ††† | 88 | −6.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −16.70 | 3.15 *** |
WA-Android %FM | 601 ± 4.9 | 89 | 587 ± 4.6 | 89 | 572 ± 4.9 †† | 88 | −4.8 | 0.004 | 0.001 | −15.61 | 3.09 *** |
WA-Gynoid FM | 599 ± 4.9 | 89 | 586 ± 4.7 | 89 | 576 ± 4.8 | 88 | −3.8 | 0.008 | 0.002 | −9.26 | 2.93 ** |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 600 ± 4.8 | 89 | 585 ± 4.7 | 89 | 576 ± 4.8 † | 88 | −4.0 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −10.43 | 3.12 ** |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 594 ± 4.8 | 89 | 592 ± 4.7 | 89 | 575 ± 4.7 | 88 | −3.2 | 0.009 | 0.006 | −6.14 | 2.77 * |
WA-trunk FM | 596 ± 5.6 | 89 | 585 ± 4.9 | 89 | 567 ± 5.1 †† | 88 | −4.9 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −16.15 | 3.44 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 601 ± 5.2 | 89 | 584 ± 4.7 | 89 | 563 ± 4.9 ††† | 88 | −6.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −15.19 | 3.09 *** |
WA-limb FM | 603 ± 5.0 | 89 | 582 ± 4.7 | 89 | 575 ± 4.9 † | 88 | −4.6 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −10.74 | 3.18 ** |
WA-limb %FM | 603 ± 4.8 | 89 | 585 ± 4.7 | 89 | 572 ± 4.8 †† | 88 | −5.1 | 0.001 | <0.001 | −11.46 | 3.17 *** |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 605 ± 5.1 | 89 | 587 ± 4.7 | 89 | 568 ± 4.7 | 88 | −6.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −17.38 | 3.48 *** |
Girls | |||||||||||
Weight | 566 ± 8.9 | 67 | 586 ± 6.6 ††† | 67 | 617 ± 8.4 ††† | 66 | 9.0 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 65.30 | 6.82 *** |
WA-total FM | 607 ± 5.9 | 67 | 588 ± 5.4 ††† | 67 | 575 ± 6.1 ††† | 66 | −5.3 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −23.82 | 3.84 *** |
WA-total %FM | 609 ± 5.8 | 67 | 587 ± 5.2 ††† | 67 | 573 ± 6.0 ††† | 66 | −5.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −20.07 | 3.72 *** |
WA-TBLH FM | 612 ± 5.9 | 67 | 584 ± 5.3 †† | 67 | 574 ± 6.1 ††† | 66 | −6.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −23.56 | 3.84 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 609 ± 5.9 | 67 | 585 ± 5.2 ††† | 67 | 575 ± 5.9 ††† | 66 | −5.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −19.44 | 3.74 *** |
WA- Android FM | 606 ± 6.3 | 67 | 586 ± 5.4 | 67 | 577 ± 6.2 ††† | 66 | −4.8 | 0.011 | 0.004 | −23.34 | 4.63 *** |
WA-Android %FM | 605 ± 6.2 | 67 | 589 ± 5.4 | 67 | 575 ± 5.9 ††† | 66 | −5.0 | 0.008 | 0.002 | −20.47 | 3.67 *** |
WA-Gynoid FM | 598 ± 5.9 | 67 | 588 ± 5.4 | 67 | 584 ± 5.9 † | 66 | −2.3 | 0.284 | 0.131 | −6.63 | 3.90 |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 600 ± 5.8 | 67 | 588 ± 5.3 † | 67 | 581 ± 5.9 †† | 66 | −3.2 | 0.097 | 0.035 | −12.83 | 4.00 ** |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 604 ± 5.5 | 67 | 581 ± 5.3 | 67 | 585 ± 5.4 | 66 | −3.1 | 0.007 | 0.015 | −9.96 | 3.46 ** |
WA-trunk FM | 615 ± 5.7 | 67 | 578 ± 5.3 ††† | 67 | 560 ± 5.8 ††† | 66 | −8.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −27.98 | 3.32 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 613 ± 5.6 | 67 | 581 ± 5.4 ††† | 67 | 560 ± 5.8 ††† | 66 | −8.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −25.83 | 3.35 *** |
WA-limb FM | 604 ± 5.8 | 67 | 585 ± 5.4 ††† | 67 | 580 ± 6.0 ††† | 66 | −4.0 | 0.015 | 0.008 | −18.87 | 3.74 *** |
WA-limb %FM | 605 ± 5.8 | 67 | 586 ± 5.4 †† | 67 | 579 ± 5.8 ††† | 66 | −4.3 | 0.010 | 0.003 | −15.38 | 3.84 *** |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 609 ± 5.7 | 67 | 590 ± 5.2 | 67 | 570 ± 6.0 †† | 66 | −6.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −20.63 | 3.50 *** |
SA_TBLH BMC (g) | %Diff | ANCOVA | Linear Regression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | P-Diff | P-Trend | |||||||
Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | Mean ± SEM | N | B | SEM | ||||
Boys | |||||||||||
Weight | 579 ± 3.7 | 89 | 582 ±2.6 | 89 | 597 ± 3.5 | 88 | 3.1 | 0.003 | 0.006 | −0.88 | 2.25 |
WA-total FM | 594 ± 2.9 | 89 | 588 ± 2.6 | 89 | 576 ± 2.8 ††† | 88 | −3.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −9.44 | 1.89 *** |
WA-total %FM | 591 ± 2.8 | 89 | 588 ± 2.7 | 89 | 580 ± 2.7 | 88 | −1.9 | 0.012 | 0.004 | −6.22 | 1.87 ** |
WA-TBLH FM | 594 ± 2.9 | 89 | 589 ± 2.6 | 89 | 576 ± 2.8 ††† | 88 | −3.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −9.28 | 1.88 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 591 ± 2.8 | 89 | 588 ± 2.7 | 89 | 580 ± 2.7 | 88 | −1.9 | 0.019 | 0.007 | −5.99 | 1.86 ** |
WA- Android FM | 592 ± 2.9 | 89 | 586 ± 2.7 | 89 | 581 ± 2.9 | 88 | −1.9 | 0.055 | 0.016 | −6.00 | 1.80 |
WA- Android %FM | 590 ± 2.8 | 89 | 585 ± 2.6 | 89 | 583 ± 2.8 | 88 | −1.2 | 0.238 | 0.107 | −3.88 | 1.78 * |
WA-Gynoid FM | 591 ± 2.8 | 89 | 586 ± 2.6 | 89 | 581 ± 2.7 | 88 | −1.7 | 0.081 | 0.025 | −3.98 | 1.63 * |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 591 ± 2.7 | 89 | 588 ± 2.6 | 89 | 580 ± 2.7 | 88 | −1.9 | 0.015 | 0.005 | −5.16 | 1.73 ** |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 585 ± 2.7 | 89 | 586 ± 2.6 | 89 | 588 ± 2.6 | 88 | 0.5 | 0.762 | 0.477 | 1.20 | 1.54 |
WA-trunk FM | 589 ± 2.9 | 89 | 586 ± 2.6 | 89 | 573 ± 2.7 †† | 88 | −2.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −8.13 | 1.83 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 588 ± 2.9 | 89 | 584 ± 2.6 | 89 | 576 ± 2.7 † | 88 | −2.0 | 0.013 | 0.005 | −3.97 | 1.70 * |
WA-limb FM | 594 ± 2.7 | 89 | 587 ± 2.6 | 89 | 577 ± 2.7 †† | 88 | −2.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −6.65 | 1.74 *** |
WA-limb %FM | 593 ± 2.7 | 89 | 586 ± 2.6 | 89 | 579 ± 2.7 | 88 | −2.4 | 0.003 | 0.001 | −5.67 | 1.76 ** |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 592 ± 2.9 | 89 | 589 ± 2.6 | 89 | 578 ± 2.7 | 88 | −2.4 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −7.43 | 1.96 *** |
Girls | |||||||||||
Weight | 591 ± 4.1 | 67 | 588 ± 3.1 | 67 | 591 ± 3.9 | 66 | 0.0 | 0.740 | 0.996 | −0.56 | 3.73 |
WA-total FM | 602 ± 3.2 | 67 | 590 ± 2.9 † | 67 | 579 ± 3.3 ††† | 66 | −3.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −13.74 | 2.07 *** |
WA-total %FM | 602 ± 3.1 | 67 | 590 ± 2.9 † | 67 | 579 ± 3.2 ††† | 66 | −3.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.90 | 2.00 *** |
WA-TBLH FM | 604 ± 3.2 | 67 | 588 ± 2.8 † | 67 | 579 ± 3.3 †† | 66 | −4.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −13.71 | 2.06 *** |
WA-TBLH %FM | 602 ± 3.2 | 67 | 589 ± 2.8 † | 67 | 580±3.2 †† † | 66 | −3.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.71 | 2.01 *** |
WA- Android FM | 597 ± 3.5 | 67 | 589 ± 3.0 | 67 | 585 ± 3.4 | 66 | −2.0 | 0.081 | 0.030 | −8.81 | 2.62 |
WA- Android %FM | 600 ± 3.4 | 67 | 591 ± 2.9 | 67 | 581 ± 3.2 | 66 | −3.2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −8.74 | 2.07 *** |
WA-Gynoid FM | 599 ± 3.2 | 67 | 587 ± 2.9 | 67 | 585 ± 3.1 | 66 | −2.3 | 0.004 | 0.003 | −7.45 | 2.07 *** |
WA-Gynoid %FM | 598 ± 3.1 | 67 | 591 ± 2.9 | 67 | 582 ± 3.2 | 66 | −2.7 | 0.002 | <0.001 | −8.94 | 2.14 *** |
WA-android to Gynoid %FM ratio | 594 ± 3.0 | 67 | 585 ± 3.0 | 67 | 592 ± 3.0 | 66 | −0.3 | 0.074 | 0.689 | −1.92 | 1.93 |
WA-trunk FM | 593 ± 3.2 | 67 | 583 ± 3.0 † | 67 | 577 ± 3.2 †† | 66 | −2.7 | 0.002 | 0.001 | −7.84 | 1.94 *** |
WA-trunk %FM | 596 ± 3.0 | 67 | 581 ± 2.9 †† | 67 | 576 ± 3.1 ††† | 66 | −3.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −8.46 | 1.90 *** |
WA-limb FM | 601 ± 3.1 | 67 | 590 ± 2.9 † | 67 | 580 ± 3.2 ††† | 66 | −3.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −12.95 | 1.96 *** |
WA-limb %FM | 600 ± 3.1 | 67 | 590 ± 2.9 | 67 | 582 ± 3.1 †† | 66 | −3.0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | −11.32 | 2.02 *** |
WA-trunk to Limb %FM ratio | 602 ± 3.1 | 67 | 591 ± 2.8 | 67 | 578 ± 3.2 | 66 | −4.0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | −11.52 | 1.90 *** |
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Liang, J.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, J.; Ma, B.; Hu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lin, S.; Zhang, Z.; Song, Y. Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051763
Liang J, Chen Y, Zhang J, Ma B, Hu Y, Liu Y, Lin S, Zhang Z, Song Y. Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051763
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Jingjing, Yongxin Chen, Jiahua Zhang, Bingjie Ma, Yan Hu, Yi Liu, Suifang Lin, Zheqing Zhang, and Yanyan Song. 2020. "Associations of Weight-Adjusted Body Fat and Fat Distribution with Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Children Aged 6–10 Years" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051763