Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Oral Examination
2.4. Assessment of Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.5. Health-Related Questionnaire
2.6. Salivary Microbiome Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of the Salivary Microbiome Profiles
3.3. Microbiome Community Characterization
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Co-variate | Baseline | Follow-Up | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 18.2 ± 0.4 1 | – | – |
Sex (Male) | 217 (47.5) 2 | – | – |
Daily brushing frequency (≥2 times) | 374 (81.8) | 387 (84.7) | 0.249 3 |
Daily flossing (Yes) | 26 (5.7) | 68 (15.1) | <0.001 3 |
Regular dental checkup (Yes) | 70 (15.3) | 66 (14.4) | 0.643 3 |
OHI-S score | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.881 4 |
BOP (%) | 28.7 ± 24.2 | 31.4 ± 23.0 | 0.040 4 |
DMFT | 2.3 ± 2.8 | 2.9 ± 2.7 | <0.001 4 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.7 ± 2.8 | 21.0 ± 2.9 | <0.001 4 |
Community periodontal index (CPI) | |||
0 | 50 (10.9) | 26 (5.7) | <0.001 5 |
1 | 115 (25.2) | 88 (19.3) | |
2 | 223 (48.8) | 128 (28.0) | |
3 | 69 (15.1) | 199 (43.5) | |
4 | 0 (0.0) | 16 (3.5) | |
PPD ≥4 mm (Yes) | 69 (15.2) | 215 (47) | <0.001 3 |
At Baseline | Increase in Gingival Bleeding | Increase in Probing Pocket Depth | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Worsening (n = 32) | Non-Worsening (n = 37) | p-Value | Worsening (n = 43) | Non-Worsening (n = 26) | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 18.2 ± 0.4 1 | 18.2 ± 0.5 | 0.417 3 | 18.2 ±0.5 | 18.2 ± 0.4 | 0.689 3 |
Sex (Male) | 7 (21.9) 2 | 14 (37.9) | 0.151 4 | 11 (25.6) | 10 (38.5) | 0.260 4 |
OHI-S score | 0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.003 3 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.116 3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 19.9 ± 2.7 | 20.2 ± 2.9 | 0.731 3 | 20.3 ± 2.9 | 19.7 ± 2.7 | 0.434 3 |
BOP (%) | - | - | - | 29.1 ± 23.2 | 25.4 ± 24.2 | 0.532 3 |
DMFT (number) | 1.6 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 0.101 3 | 2.6 ± 3.2 | 1.5 ± 2.3 | 0.103 3 |
Daily brushing frequency (≥2 times) | 29 (90.6) | 30 (81.1) | 0.261 4 | 36 (83.7) | 23 (88.5) | 0.588 4 |
Daily flossing (Yes) | 4 (12.5) | 2 (5.4) | 0.296 4 | 5 (11.6) | 1 (3.8) | 0.266 4 |
Regular dental checkup (Yes) | 8 (25.0) | 9 (24.3) | 0.948 4 | 12 (27.9) | 5 (19.2) | 0.418 4 |
CPI | ||||||
0 | 4 (12.5) | 2 (5.4) | 0.348 4 | 2 (4.7) | 4 (15.4) | 0.186 4 |
1 | 7 (21.9) | 9 (24.3) | 10 (23.3) | 6 (23.1) | ||
2 | 11 (34.4) | 19 (51.4) | 16 (37.2) | 14 (53.8) | ||
3 | 10 (31.3) | 7 (18.9 | 15 (34.9) | 2 (7.7) | ||
4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
PPD ≥4 mm (Yes) | 10 (31.3) | 7 (18.9) | 0.236 4 | - | - | - |
Daily brushing frequency (Increased) | 8 (25.0) | 7 (18.9) | 0.541 4 | 11 (25.6) | 4 (15.4) | 0.319 4 |
Flossing (Increased) | 1 (3.1) | 10 (27.0) | 0.006 4 | 6 (13.9) | 5 (19.2) | 0.561 4 |
Regular dental checkup (Increased) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (16.2) | 0.016 4 | 4 (9.3) | 2 (7.7) | 0.818 4 |
Community I | 20 (46.5) | 23 (53.5) | 0.906 4 | 30 (69.8) | 13 (30.2) | 0.080 4 |
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Islam, M.M.; Ekuni, D.; Toyama, N.; Kobayashi, T.; Fujimori, K.; Uchida, Y.; Fukuhara, D.; Taniguchi-Tabata, A.; Kataoka, K.; Iwasaki, Y.; et al. Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051764
Islam MM, Ekuni D, Toyama N, Kobayashi T, Fujimori K, Uchida Y, Fukuhara D, Taniguchi-Tabata A, Kataoka K, Iwasaki Y, et al. Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051764
Chicago/Turabian StyleIslam, Md Monirul, Daisuke Ekuni, Naoki Toyama, Terumasa Kobayashi, Kohei Fujimori, Yoko Uchida, Daiki Fukuhara, Ayano Taniguchi-Tabata, Kota Kataoka, Yoshiaki Iwasaki, and et al. 2020. "Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051764
APA StyleIslam, M. M., Ekuni, D., Toyama, N., Kobayashi, T., Fujimori, K., Uchida, Y., Fukuhara, D., Taniguchi-Tabata, A., Kataoka, K., Iwasaki, Y., & Morita, M. (2020). Relationship of Salivary Microbiome with the Worsening of the Periodontal Health Status in Young Adults: A 3-Year Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1764. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051764