MRSA Point Prevalence among Health Care Workers in German Rehabilitation Centers: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Outbreak Setting
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Charcterization of the Study Population
3.2. Prevalence of MRSA and Risk Factors
3.3. MRSA Genotyping
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Number | Percent |
---|---|---|
Total | 1005 | 100 |
Sex | ||
Female | 824 | 82.0 |
Male | 175 | 17.4 |
Not reported | 6 | 0.6 |
Age in years | ||
<20 | 6 | 0.6 |
20–29 | 104 | 10.3 |
30–39 | 229 | 22.8 |
40–49 | 243 | 24.2 |
50–59 | 314 | 31.2 |
≥60 | 88 | 8.8 |
Not reported | 21 | 2.1 |
Education | ||
Secondary school graduation | 498 | 49.6 |
High school, university entrance qualification | 440 | 43.8 |
Other | 56 | 5.6 |
No degree | 1 | 0.1 |
Not reported | 10 | 1.0 |
Occupation | ||
Physician | 104 | 10.3 |
Nurse | 140 | 13.9 |
Therapist | 338 | 33.6 |
Medical technical assistant | 28 | 2.8 |
Transport service workers | 3 | 0.3 |
Cleaner | 49 | 4.9 |
Administrative personnel | 148 | 14.7 |
Others | 186 | 18.5 |
Not reported | 9 | 0.9 |
Professional experience in years | ||
≤1 | 73 | 7.3 |
1–5 | 232 | 23.1 |
6–10 | 145 | 14.4 |
11–20 | 111 | 11.0 |
21–40 | 343 | 34.1 |
>41 | 95 | 9.5 |
Not reported | 6 | 0.6 |
Partnership | ||
Yes | 792 | 78.8 |
No | 200 | 19.8 |
Not reported | 13 | 1.3 |
Household Size | ||
One-person | 199 | 19.8 |
Multi-person | 792 | 78.8 |
Not reported | 14 | 1.4 |
Work-related MRSA risk factors | ||
Close contact with patients within the last 4 weeks (washing, dressing, changing bandages, etc.) | ||
Yes | 325 | 66.3 |
No | 666 | 32.3 |
Not reported | 14 | 1.4 |
Contact with MRSA patients within the last 4 weeks | ||
Yes | 136 | 13.5 |
No | 320 | 31.8 |
Unknown | 542 | 53.9 |
Not reported | 7 | 0.7 |
Wearing protective gear when having contact with MRSA patients | ||
Yes, always | 104 | 76.5 |
Occasionally without | 30 | 22.1 |
Not reported | 2 | 1.5 |
Protective gear worn when having contact with MRSA patients | ||
Surgical face mask, disposable gloves, and lab coat | 79 | 58.1 |
Surgical face mask and disposable gloves | 12 | 8.8 |
Disposable gloves | 11 | 8.1 |
Disposable gloves and lab coat | 2 | 1.5 |
Surgical face mask and lab coat | 1 | 0.7 |
Not applicable | 2 | 1.5 |
None reported | 29 | 21.3 |
Working abroad | ||
Yes | 15 | 1.5 |
No | 978 | 97.3 |
Not reported | 12 | 1.2 |
Private life-related MRSA risk factors | ||
Caring for relatives at home | ||
Yes | 72 | 7.2 |
No | 926 | 92.1 |
Not reported | 7 | 0.7 |
Contact with MRSA carriers | ||
Yes | 14 | 1.4 |
No | 535 | 53.2 |
Unknown | 449 | 44.7 |
Not reported | 7 | 0.7 |
Contact with persons in need of care within the last 4 weeks | ||
Yes | 137 | 13.6 |
No | 863 | 85.9 |
Not reported | 5 | 0.5 |
Working in the ambulant sector outside of work at rehabilitation center | ||
Yes | 16 | 1.6 |
No | 984 | 97.9 |
Not reported | 5 | 0.5 |
Contact with farm animals | ||
Yes | 89 | 8.9 |
No | 910 | 90.5 |
Not reported | 6 | 0.6 |
Contact with pets | ||
Yes | 615 | 61.2 |
No | 387 | 38.5 |
Not reported | 3 | 0.3 |
Risk factors associated with health status | ||
Chronic skin disease | ||
Yes, own diagnosis | 14 | 1.4 |
Yes, doctor’s diagnosis | 97 | 9.7 |
No | 876 | 87.2 |
Not reported | 18 | 1.8 |
Chronic respiratory disease | ||
Yes, own diagnosis | 25 | 2.5 |
Yes, doctor’s diagnosis | 90 | 9.0 |
No | 869 | 86.5 |
Not reported | 21 | 2.1 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||
Yes, own diagnosis | 2 | 0.2 |
Yes, doctor’s diagnosis | 25 | 2.5 |
No | 951 | 94.6 |
Not reported | 27 | 2.7 |
Previous MRSA carriage | ||
Yes | 17 | 1.7 |
No | 983 | 97.8 |
Not reported | 5 | 0.5 |
Use of antibiotics within the last12 months | ||
Yes | 304 | 30.2 |
No | 690 | 68.7 |
Not reported | 11 | 1.1 |
Having had an operation within the last 30 days | ||
Yes | 40 | 4.0 |
No | 959 | 95.4 |
Not reported | 6 | 0.6 |
Inpatient hospital treatment within the last 12 months | ||
Yes | 95 | 9.5 |
No | 902 | 89.8 |
Not reported | 8 | 0.8 |
Risk Factor | MRSA Positive (n) | MRSA Negative (n) | OR | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (Reference) | Yes | No (Reference) | Yes | |||
Work-related risk factors | ||||||
Close contact with patients within the last 4 weeks | 2 | 2 | 664 | 323 | 2.1 | 0.1–28.5 |
Contact with MRSA patients within the last 4 weeks | 2 | 2 | 860 | 134 | 6.4 | 0.5–89.0 |
Working abroad | 3 | 1 | 975 | 14 | 23.2 | 0.4–305.5 |
Private life-related MRSA risk factors | ||||||
Caring for relatives at home | 4 | 0 | 922 | 72 | - | - |
Contact with MRSA carriers | 4 | 0 | 980 | 14 | - | - |
Contact with persons in need of care within the last 4 weeks | 4 | 0 | 859 | 137 | - | - |
Working in the ambulant sector outside of work | 4 | 0 | 980 | 16 | - | - |
Contact with farm animals | 4 | 0 | 906 | 89 | - | - |
Contact with pets | 3 | 1 | 384 | 614 | 0.2 | 0.0–2.6 |
Risk factors associated with health status | ||||||
Chronic skin disease | 4 | 0 | 872 | 111 | - | - |
Chronic respiratory disease | 4 | 0 | 865 | 115 | - | - |
Diabetes mellitus | 4 | 0 | 947 | 27 | ||
Previous MRSA carriage | 3 | 1 | 980 | 16 | 20.4 | 0.4–266.8 |
Antibiotics use within the last12 months | 3 | 0 | 687 | 304 | - | - |
Operation within the last 30 days | 3 | 1 | 956 | 39 | 8.2 | 0.2–103.8 |
Inpatient hospital treatment within the last 12 months | 4 | 0 | 898 | 95 | - | - |
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Schubert, M.; Kämpf, D.; Wahl, M.; Hofmann, S.; Girbig, M.; Jatzwauk, L.; Peters, C.; Nienhaus, A.; Seidler, A. MRSA Point Prevalence among Health Care Workers in German Rehabilitation Centers: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Outbreak Setting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091660
Schubert M, Kämpf D, Wahl M, Hofmann S, Girbig M, Jatzwauk L, Peters C, Nienhaus A, Seidler A. MRSA Point Prevalence among Health Care Workers in German Rehabilitation Centers: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Outbreak Setting. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9):1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091660
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchubert, Melanie, Daniel Kämpf, Marlena Wahl, Samuel Hofmann, Maria Girbig, Lutz Jatzwauk, Claudia Peters, Albert Nienhaus, and Andreas Seidler. 2019. "MRSA Point Prevalence among Health Care Workers in German Rehabilitation Centers: A Multi-Center, Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-Outbreak Setting" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9: 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091660