Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To determine the factors affecting insufficient sleep duration among Chinese pregnant women;
- To identify the factors affecting excessive sleep duration among Chinese pregnant women;
- To identify the factors that affect poor sleeping quality among Chinese pregnant women;
- To clarify whether insufficient or excessive sleep duration poses serious consequences for sleep quality.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Methods
2.2. Questionnaire
2.2.1. Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics
2.2.2. Sleep Duration and Quality
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Participants Stratified by Sleeping Duration Status
3.2. Logistic Regression Model for Factors Influencing Insufficient and Excessive Sleep
3.3. Characteristics of Study Participants Stratified by Sleep Quality Status
3.4. Ordered Multivariate Logistic Regression Factors Influencing Poor Sleep Quality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Insufficient Sleep Duration | Sufficient Sleep Duration | Excessive Sleep Duration |
---|---|---|---|
All participants | 561 (23.9) | 1299 (55.4) | 485 (20.9) |
Hospital capacity/quality | |||
High | 471 (25.8) | 1027 (56.3) | 326 (17.9) |
Medium | 34 (10.9) | 159 (51.1) | 118 (37.9) |
Low | 56 (26.7) | 113 (53.8) | 41 (19.5) |
Parity | |||
First pregnancy | 417 (23.8) | 992 (56.5) | 346 (19.7) |
Second pregnancy | 144 (24.4) | 307 (52.0) | 139 (23.6) |
Age | |||
18–25 years | 141 (22.6) | 330 (52.9) | 153 (24.5) |
26–35 years | 383 (24.0) | 905 (56.7) | 307 (19.3) |
36–45 years | 37 (29.4) | 64 (50.8) | 25 (19.8) |
Nationality | |||
Han nationality | 549 (24.4) | 1245 (55.3) | 458 (20.3) |
Minority | 12 (12.9) | 54 (58.1) | 27 (29.0) |
Without sibling | |||
Yes | 235 (22.5) | 625 (59.8) | 186 (17.8) |
No | 326 (25.1) | 674 (51.9) | 299 (23.0) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 520 (23.6) | 1227 (55.7) | 458 (20.8) |
Unmarried | 16 (32.7) | 20 (40.8) | 13 (26.5) |
Remarried | 21 (30.0) | 38 (54.3) | 11 (15.7) |
Divorced/Widowed | 4 (19.1) | 14 (66.7) | 3 (14.3) |
Education level | |||
Basic education | 88 (21.9) | 197 (49.0) | 117 (29.1) |
Secondary education | 95 (26.8) | 175 (49.4) | 84 (23.7) |
Higher education | 378 (23.8) | 927 (58.3) | 284 (17.9) |
Residence | |||
Urban | 466 (24.8) | 1067 (56.8) | 347 (18.5) |
Rural | 95 (20.4) | 232 (49.9) | 138 (29.7) |
Per capita income of family | |||
<¥4500 | 145 (23.7) | 308 (50.4) | 158 (25.9) |
¥4500–¥9000 | 232 (23.5) | 558 (56.4) | 199 (20.1) |
>¥9000 | 184 (24.7) | 433 (58.1) | 128 (17.2) |
Career | |||
Rural migrant workers | 20 (17.0) | 61 (51.7) | 37 (31.4) |
Urban and rural unemployed, half of the unemployed | 135 (24.4) | 269 (48.6) | 149 (26.9) |
Industrial workers of non-agricultural registered permanent residence | 10 (20.0) | 33 (66.0) | 7 (14.0) |
Individual business | 48 (24.1) | 109 (54.8) | 42 (21.1) |
Business services staff | 41 (26.5) | 84 (54.2) | 30 (19.4) |
Civil servants | 97 (24.4) | 225 (56.5) | 76 (19.1) |
Senior manager and middle-level manager in large and medium enterprises | 22 (22.9) | 67 (69.8) | 7 (7.3) |
Private entrepreneurs | 19 (21.8) | 53 (60.9) | 15 (17.2) |
Professionals | 60 (24.6) | 143 (58.6) | 41 (16.8) |
Clerks | 26 (18.7) | 89 (64.0) | 24 (17.3) |
Students | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Others | 79 (27.2) | 155 (53.3) | 57 (19.6) |
Trimester of pregnancy | |||
First trimester of pregnancy | 93 (31.7) | 154 (52.6) | 46 (15.7) |
Second trimester of pregnancy | 157 (22.4) | 410 (58.5) | 134 (19.1) |
Third trimester of pregnancy | 311 (23.0) | 735 (54.4) | 305 (22.6) |
Current smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 541 (24.0) | 1245 (55.2) | 469 (20.80) |
Smoker | 20 (22.2) | 54 (60.0) | 16 (17.8) |
Secondhand smoke exposure frequency per week | |||
None exposure | 237 (20.7) | 648 (56.7) | 258 (22.6) |
Every day | 113 (27.8) | 215 (52.8) | 79 (19.4) |
4–6 days per week | 35 (22.3) | 87 (55.4) | 35 (22.3) |
1–3 days per week | 176 (27.6) | 349 (54.7) | 113 (17.7) |
Chronic hepatitis B patients | |||
No | 427 (23.7) | 999 (55.5) | 375 (20.8) |
Yes | 134 (24.6) | 300 (55.2) | 110 (20.2) |
Anemia | |||
No | 490 (23.9) | 1131 (55.3) | 426 (20.8) |
Yes | 71 (23.8) | 168 (56.4) | 59 (19.8) |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | |||
No | 533 (23.6) | 1258 (55.7) | 467 (20.7) |
Yes | 28 (32.2) | 41 (47.1) | 18 (20.7) |
Parameter | Insufficient Sleep | Excessive Duration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Hospital capacity/quality | ||||||
High vs. Low | 0.99 | (0.72, 1.38) | 0.979 | 1.05 | (0.72, 1.52) | 0.812 |
Medium vs. Low | 0.33 | (0.21, 0.54) | <0.000 | 2.57 | (1.69, 3.90) | <0.000 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban vs. Rural | - | - | - | 0.64 | (0.50, 0.83) | 0.001 |
Nationality | ||||||
Minority vs. Han nationality | 0.45 | (0.24, 0.84) | 0.012 | - | - | - |
Without sibling | ||||||
Yes vs. No | 0.8 | (0.65, 0.97) | 0.024 | - | - | - |
Education level | ||||||
Secondary education vs. Basic education | 1.32 | (0.93, 1.86) | 0.117 | - | - | - |
Higher education vs. Basic education | 0.96 | (0.73, 1.27) | 0.797 | - | - | - |
Trimester of pregnancy | ||||||
Second trimester of pregnancy vs. First trimester of pregnancy | 0.66 | (0.49, 0.90) | 0.009 | 1.08 | (0.74, 1.57) | 0.705 |
Third trimester of pregnancy vs. First trimester of pregnancy | 0.65 | (0.49, 0.86) | 0.003 | 1.51 | (1.07, 2.13) | 0.020 |
Job | ||||||
Manual vs. Non-manual | - | - | - | 1.19 | (0.86, 1.64) | 0.289 |
Unemployed vs. Non-manual | - | - | - | 1.46 | (1.13, 1.88) | 0.003 |
Others vs. Non-manual | - | - | - | 1.19 | (0.86, 1.66) | 0.296 |
Secondhand smoke exposure frequency per week | ||||||
Every day vs. None | 1.43 | (1.10, 1.86) | 0.008 | - | - | - |
4–6 days per week vs. None | 1.1 | (0.73, 1.66) | 0.637 | - | - | - |
1–3 days per week vs. None | 1.44 | (1.14, 1.80) | 0.002 | - | - | - |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | ||||||
Yes vs. No | 1.51 | (0.94, 2.43) | 0.085 | - | - | - |
Characteristics | Quality of Sleep | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Good | Good | Average | Poor | Very Poor | |
All participants | 126 (5.4) | 701 (29.9) | 1160 (49.4) | 321 (13.7) | 37 (1.6) |
Hospital capacity/quality | |||||
High | 80 (4.4) | 537 (29.4) | 952 (52.2) | 228 (12.5) | 27 (1.5) |
Medium | 36 (11.6) | 111(35.7) | 97 (31.2) | 62 (19.9) | 5 (1.6) |
Low | 10 (4.8) | 53 (25.2) | 111 (52.9) | 31 (14.8) | 5 (2.4) |
Parity | |||||
First pregnancy | 100 (5.7) | 526 (30.0) | 859 (49.0) | 243 (13.9) | 27 (1.5) |
Second pregnancy | 26 (4.4) | 175 (29.7) | 301 (51.0) | 78 (13.2) | 10 (1.7) |
Age | |||||
18–25 years | 38 (6.1) | 191 (30.6) | 298 (47.8) | 86 (13.8) | 11 (1.8) |
26–35 years | 80 (5.0) | 471 (29.5) | 802 (50.3) | 220 (13.8) | 22 (1.4) |
36–45 years | 8 (6.4) | 39 (31.0) | 60 (47.6) | 15 (11.9) | 4 (3.2) |
Nationality | |||||
Han nationality | 125 (5.6) | 674 (29.9) | 1114 (49.5) | 307 (13.6) | 32 (1.4) |
Minority | 1 (1.1) | 27 (29.0) | 46 (49.5) | 14 (15.1) | 5 (5.4) |
Without sibling | |||||
Yes | 59 (5.6) | 300 (28.7) | 551 (52.7) | 120 (11.5) | 16 (1.5) |
No | 67 (5.2) | 401 (30.9) | 609 (46.9) | 201 (15.5) | 21 (1.6) |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 118 (5.4) | 660 (29.9) | 1084 (49.2) | 311 (14.1) | 32 (1.5) |
Unmarried | 1 (2.0) | 8 (16.3) | 36 (73.5) | 2 (4.1) | 2 (4.1) |
Remarried | 5 (7.1) | 25 (35.7) | 31 (44.3) | 8 (11.4) | 1 (1.4) |
Divorced/Widowed | 2 (9.5) | 8 (38.1) | 9 (42.9) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (9.5) |
Education level | |||||
Basic education | 19 (4.7) | 144 (35.8) | 176 (43.8) | 49 (12.2) | 14 (3.5) |
Secondary education | 27 (7.6) | 111 (31.4) | 170 (48.0) | 42 (11.9) | 4 (1.1) |
Higher education | 80 (5.0) | 446 (28.1) | 814 (51.2) | 230(14.5) | 19 (1.2) |
Residence | |||||
Urban | 108 (5.7) | 549 (29.2) | 935 (49.7) | 257 (13.7) | 31 (1.7) |
Rural | 18 (3.9) | 152 (32.7) | 225 (48.4) | 64 (13.8) | 6 (1.3) |
Per capita monthly income of family | |||||
<¥4500 | 20 (3.3) | 192 (31.4) | 299 (48.9) | 89 (14.6) | 11 (1.8) |
¥4500–¥9000 | 58 (5.9) | 312 (31.6) | 469 (47.4) | 132 (13.4) | 18 (1.8) |
>¥9000 | 48 (6.4) | 197 (26.4) | 392 (52.6) | 100 (13.4) | 8 (1.1) |
Career | |||||
Rural migrant workers | 3 (2.5) | 42 (35.6) | 62 (52.5) | 8 (6.8) | 3 (2.5) |
Urban and rural unemployed, half of the unemployed | 41 (7.4) | 183 (33.1) | 232 (42.0) | 82 (14.8) | 15 (2.7) |
Industrial workers of non-agricultural registered permanent residence | 1 (2.0) | 17 (34.0) | 22 (44.0) | 9 (18.0) | 1 (2.0) |
Individual business | 21 (10.6) | 56 (28.1) | 92 (46.2) | 28 (14.1) | 2 (1.0) |
Business services staff | 7 (4.5) | 38 (24.5) | 90 (58.1) | 19 (12.3) | 1 (0.7) |
Civil servants | 17 (4.3) | 109 (27.4) | 203 (51.0) | 64 (16.1) | 5 (1.3) |
Senior manager and middle-level manager in large and medium enterprises | 8 (8.3) | 23 (24.0) | 52 (54.2) | 12 (12.5) | 1 (1.0) |
Private entrepreneur | 4 (4.6) | 35 (40.2) | 39 (44.8) | 7 (8.1) | 2 (2.3) |
Professionals | 9 (3.7) | 79 (32.4) | 131 (53.7) | 25 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Clerks | 2 (1.4) | 33 (23.7) | 86 (61.9) | 16 (11.5) | 2 (1.4) |
Students | 2 (13.3) | 3 (20.0) | 9 (60.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
Others | 11 (3.8) | 83 (28.5) | 142 (48.8) | 50 (17.2) | 5 (1.7) |
Trimester of pregnancy | |||||
First trimester of pregnancy | 15 (5.1) | 83 (28.3) | 162 (55.3) | 29 (9.9) | 4 (1.4) |
Second trimester of pregnancy | 52 (7.4) | 233 (33.2) | 342 (48.8) | 63 (9.0) | 11 (1.6) |
Third trimester of pregnancy | 59 (4.4) | 385 (28.5) | 656 (48.6) | 229 (17.0) | 22 (1.6) |
Current smoking | |||||
Non-smoker | 121 (5.4) | 675 (29.9) | 1115 (49.5) | 308 (13.7) | 36 (1.6) |
Smoker | 5 (5.6) | 26 (28.9) | 45 (50.0) | 13 (14.4) | 1 (1.1) |
Secondhand smoke exposure frequency per week | |||||
None exposure | 65 (5.7) | 338 (29.6) | 560 (49.0) | 159 (13.9) | 21 (1.8) |
Daily | 14 (3.4) | 136 (33.4) | 211 (51.8) | 43 (10.6) | 3 (0.7) |
4–6 days per week | 6 (3.8) | 40 (25.5) | 79 (50.3) | 29 (18.5) | 3 (1.9) |
1–3 days per week | 41 (6.4) | 187(29.3) | 310 (48.6) | 90 (14.1) | 10 (1.6) |
Chronic hepatitis B patients | |||||
No | 93 (5.16) | 561 (31.2) | 890 (49.4) | 231 (12.8) | 26 (1.4) |
Yes | 33 (6.1) | 140 (25.7) | 270 (49.6) | 90 (16.5) | 11 (2.0) |
Anemia | |||||
No | 113 (5.5) | 616 (30.1) | 1017 (49.7) | 271 (13.2) | 30 (1.5) |
Yes | 13 (4.4) | 85 (28.5) | 143 (48.0) | 50 (16.8) | 7 (2.4) |
Gestational diabetes mellitus | |||||
No | 119 (5.3) | 681 (30.2) | 1117 (49.5) | 304 (13.5) | 37 (1.6) |
Yes | 7 (8.1) | 20 (23.0) | 43 (49.4) | 17 (19.5) | 0 (0.00) |
Parameter | Category | Estimate | Standard Error | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nationality | Minority | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.047 |
Han nationality (ref.) | ||||||
Age | 26–35 years | −0.02 | 0.10 | −0.21 | 0.17 | 0.816 |
36–45 years | −0.15 | 0.20 | −0.54 | 0.25 | 0.468 | |
18–25 years (ref.) | ||||||
Without sibling | Yes | −0.07 | 0.08 | −0.23 | 0.09 | 0.398 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Marital status | Unmarried | 0.41 | 0.26 | −0.11 | 0.93 | 0.123 |
Remarried | −0.28 | 0.24 | −0.74 | 0.19 | 0.243 | |
Divorced or Widowed | −0.58 | 0.43 | −1.42 | 0.26 | 0.173 | |
Married (ref.) | ||||||
Education level | Secondary education | −0.05 | 0.1 | −0.33 | 0.22 | 0.707 |
Higher education | 0.20 | 0.13 | −0.05 | 0.45 | 0.121 | |
Basic education (ref.) | ||||||
Residence | Urban | −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.29 | 0.14 | 0.497 |
Rural (ref.) | ||||||
Per capita month income of family | ¥4500–¥9000 | −0.22 | 0.10 | −0.42 | −0.01 | 0.034 |
>¥9000 | −0.19 | 0.11 | −0.41 | 0.03 | 0.092 | |
<¥4500 (ref.) | ||||||
Job | Manual | 0.12 | 0.13 | −0.12 | 0.37 | 0.329 |
Unemployed | −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.28 | 0.15 | 0.539 | |
Others | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.04 | 0.46 | 0.097 | |
Non-manual (ref.) | ||||||
Number of pregnancy | Secondpregnancy | 0.14 | 0.10 | −0.05 | 0.34 | 0.142 |
First pregnancy (ref.) | ||||||
Trimester of pregnancy | Second trimester | −0.17 | 0.13 | −0.43 | 0.09 | 0.199 |
Third trimester | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.023 | |
First trimester (ref.) | ||||||
Hospital capacity/quality | High | −0.14 | 0.14 | −0.42 | 0.13 | 0.308 |
Medium | −0.33 | 0.18 | −0.68 | 0.02 | 0.066 | |
Low (ref.) | ||||||
Current smoking | Smoker | 0.01 | 0.20 | −0.40 | 0.40 | 0.998 |
Non-smoker (ref.) | ||||||
Secondhand smoke exposure frequency per week | Every day | −0.13 | 0.11 | −0.34 | 0.08 | 0.231 |
4–6 days per week | 0.32 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 0.64 | 0.053 | |
1–3 days per week | −0.05 | 0.09 | −0.24 | 0.13 | 0.566 | |
None (ref.) | ||||||
Chronic hepatitis B patients | Yes | 0.24 | 0.15 | −0.06 | 0.53 | 0.119 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Anemia | Yes | −0.05 | 0.18 | −0.39 | 0.30 | 0.797 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Gestational diabetes mellitus | Yes | −0.16 | 0.25 | −0.64 | 0.33 | 0.521 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Sleep duration | Insufficient sleeping duration | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.036 |
Excessive sleep duration | −0.45 | 0.10 | −0.65 | −0.25 | <0.000 | |
Sufficient sleep duration (ref.) |
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Share and Cite
Xu, X.; Liu, D.; Zhang, Z.; Sharma, M.; Zhao, Y. Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070817
Xu X, Liu D, Zhang Z, Sharma M, Zhao Y. Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070817
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xianglong, Dengyuan Liu, Zhangyi Zhang, Manoj Sharma, and Yong Zhao. 2017. "Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070817
APA StyleXu, X., Liu, D., Zhang, Z., Sharma, M., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Sleep Duration and Quality in Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Survey in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(7), 817. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070817