Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004–2011)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Definition of Cases and Controls
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
95%CI | 95% Confidence Interval |
AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
AOR | Adjusted Odds Ratio |
ART | Antiretroviral therapy |
HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
STI | Sexually Transmitted Infections |
UOR | Unadjusted Odds Ratio |
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Municipalities | Male n (%) | Female n (%) | Unknown n (%) | Total n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Praia | 76 (43.7) | 96 (55.2) | 2 (1.1) | 174 (49.6) |
Santa Catarina | 27 (50.0) | 27 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 54 (15.4) |
São Vicente | 16 (53.3) | 14 (46.7) | 0 (0.0) | 30 (8.5) |
Boavista | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (6.0) |
São Filipe | 10 (50.0) | 10 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (5.7) |
Santa Cruz | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (3.4) |
Sal | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (2.8) |
Tarrafal | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (2.3) |
São Miguel | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.7) |
Brava | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.1) |
São Domingos | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.9) |
Maio | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | 3 (0.9) |
Ribeira Grande | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) |
Mosteiros | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) |
Paúl | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
São Nicolau | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
Porto Novo | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Total (%) | 161 (45.9) | 187 (53.3) | 3 (0.9) | 351 (100.0) |
User Characteristics | Total n (%) | Cases CD4 < 350 n (%) | Controls CD4 ≥ 350 n (%) | UOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median CD4 Count (Min., Max.) | 113 (2, 345) | 466 (350, 1112) | |||
Gender | |||||
Male | 153 (41.6) | 81 (42.4) | 72 (40.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
Female | 215 (58.4) | 110 (57.6) | 105 (59.3) | 1.07 (0.72–1.65) | 0.73 |
Age group | |||||
<30 | 41 (11.1) | 15 (7.9) | 26 (14.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
30–39 | 99 (26.9) | 53 (27.7) | 46 (26.0) | 2.00 (1.21–4.21) | 0.07 |
40–49 | 118 (32.1) | 66 (34.5) | 52 (29.4) | 2.20 (1.25–4.29) | 0.03 * |
50–59 | 76 (20.7) | 37 (19.4) | 39 (22.0) | 1.64 (0.95–2.62) | 0.21 |
≥60 | 34 (9.2) | 20 (10.5) | 14 (7.9) | 2.47 (1.33–4.45) | 0.05 |
Education | |||||
None | 94 (25.5) | 47 (24.6) | 47 (26.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
Basic | 171 (46.5) | 98 (51.3) | 73 (41.2) | 0.66 (0.39–1.09) | 0.10 |
Secondary | 94 (25.5) | 41 (21.5) | 53 (29.9) | 1.36 (0.76–2.44) | 0.32 |
University | 9 (2.5) | 5 (2.6) | 4 (2.3) | 1.75 (0.18–3.13) | 0.04 * |
Access | |||||
Easy | 256 (69.6) | 130 (68.1) | 126 (71.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
Difficult | 112 (30.4) | 61 (31.9) | 51 (28.8) | 1.00 (0.63–1.52) | 0.21 |
Job | |||||
Others | 192 (52.2) | 101 (52.9) | 91 (51.4) | 1 (Reference) | |
Informal economy | 33 (9.0) | 17 (8.9) | 16 (9.0) | 1.03 (0.49–2.17) | 0.92 |
No job | 143 (38.8) | 73 (38.2) | 70 (39.6) | 1.02 (0.65–1.56) | 0.95 |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 52 (14.1) | 21 (11.0) | 31 (17.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
Single | 201 (54.6) | 111 (58.1) | 90 (50.9) | 1.43 (0.83–2.63) | 0.31 |
Widow | 58 (15.8) | 19 (9.9) | 39 (22.0) | 0.00 (0.01–0.05) | 0.99 |
Separated | 14 (3.8) | 2 (1.1) | 12 (6.8) | 1.82 (0.92–2.81) | 0.05 * |
Cohabiting | 43 (11.7) | 38 (19.9) | 5 (2.8) | 2.33 (1.27–4.31) | 0.06 |
Job status | |||||
Unemployed | 133 (36.1) | 68 (35.6) | 65 (36.7) | 1 (Reference) | |
Employed | 235 (63.9) | 123 (64.4) | 112 (63.3) | 1.00 (0.65–1.53) | 0.99 |
Transmission | |||||
Heterosexual | 335 (91.0) | 176 (92.1) | 159 (89.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
Blood transfusion | 10 (2.7) | 4 (2.1) | 6 (3.4) | 1.09 (0.31–3.85) | 0.88 |
Unknown | 23 (6.3) | 11 (5.8) | 12 (6.8) | 1.01 (0.46–2.22) | 0.96 |
Reason for HIV test | |||||
Personal/both | 128 (34.8) | 34 (17.8) | 94 (53.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
Medical indication | 240 (65.2) | 157 (82.2) | 83 (46.9) | 5.23 (2.59–7.91) | <0.01 * |
Status disclosure | |||||
No | 335 (91.0) | 176 (92.1) | 159 (89.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
Yes | 33 (9.0) | 15 (7.9) | 18 (10.2) | 1.10 (0.54–2.22) | 0.79 |
Length between HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART (average in months) | 10 (100.0) | 2 (51.9) | 18 (48.1) | 0.94 (0.65–1.19) | <0.01 * |
User Characteristics | Bivariate | Multivariate Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UOR (95% CI) | p-Value | AOR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Female | 1.07 (0.72–1.65 | 0.73 | 1.00 (0.64–1.58) | 0.10 |
Age group | ||||
<30 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
30–39 | 2.00 (1.21–4.21) | 0.07 | 2.06 (0.93–4.57) | 0.08 |
40–49 | 2.20 (1.25–4.29) | 0.03 * | 2.20 (1.01–4.81) | 0.05 |
50–59 | 1.64 (0.95–2.62) | 0.21 | 1.71 (0.74–3.94) | 0.21 |
≥60 | 2.47 (1.33–4.45) | 0.05 * | 3.19 (1.16–8.78) | 0.03 * |
Reason for HIV test | ||||
Personal/both | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Medical indication | 5.23 (2.59–7.91) | <0.01 * | 4.84 (2.99–7.84) | <0.01 * |
Status disclosure | ||||
No | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||
Yes | 1.10 (0.54–2.22) | 0.79 | 0.77 (0.36–1.64) | 0.50 |
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Moreira, A.L.; Fronteira, I.; Augusto, G.F.; Martins, M.R.O. Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004–2011). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030320
Moreira AL, Fronteira I, Augusto GF, Martins MRO. Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004–2011). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030320
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoreira, António L., Inês Fronteira, Gonçalo Figueiredo Augusto, and Maria Rosario O. Martins. 2016. "Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004–2011)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030320
APA StyleMoreira, A. L., Fronteira, I., Augusto, G. F., & Martins, M. R. O. (2016). Unmatched Case-Control Study on Late Presentation of HIV Infection in Santiago, Cape Verde (2004–2011). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030320