Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Participants
2.5. Data
2.6. Outcomes
2.6.1. Other Variables
Women in GSP | Pregnant | Non-pregnant | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics n (%) | Characteristics n (%) | ||||
All | 1,006 | (100) | 9,676 | (100) | |
Setting | |||||
Midwife/Hospital | 438 | (43.5) | 622 | (6.4) | |
Other | 568 | (56.5) | 9,054 | (93.6) | |
Programme format | |||||
Individual | 240 | (23.9) | 994 | (10.3) | |
Group | 766 | (76.1) | 8,682 | (89.7) | |
Medication for free | |||||
No free medication | 511 | (50.8) | 5,296 | (54.7) | |
Free for <1 week | 472 | (46.9) | 4,014 | (41.5) | |
Free for <5 weeks | 3 | (0.3) | 75 | (0.8) | |
Free for ≥5 weeks | 17 | (1.7) | 279 | (2.9) | |
Free for unknown period of time | 3 | (0.3) | 12 | (0.1) | |
Age (years) | |||||
15–24 | 240 | (23.9) | 704 | (7.3) | |
25–34 | 549 | (54.6) | 1,522 | (15.7) | |
35–44 | 213 | (21.2) | 3,083 | (31.9) | |
45–54 | 4 | (0.4) | 4,367 | (45.1) | |
Smoking | |||||
<20 pack-years | 885 | (88.0) | 4,549 | (47.0) | |
≥20 pack-years | 121 | (12.0) | 5,127 | (53.0) | |
Fagerström 1–4 points | 451 | (44.8) | 3,658 | (37.8) | |
Fagerström 5–10 points | 555 | (55.2) | 6,018 | (62.2) | |
<20 cigarettes per day | 691 | (68.7) | 4,739 | (49.0) | |
≥20 cigarettes per day | 315 | (31.3) | 4,937 | (51.0) | |
Heavy smokers a | |||||
Yes | 370 | (36.8) | 6,350 | (65.6) | |
No | 636 | (63.2) | 3,326 | (34.4) | |
Compliance with programme b | |||||
Compliant | 476 | (47.3) | 5,377 | (55.6) | |
Not compliant | 507 | (50.4) | 4,121 | (42.6) | |
Unknown | 23 | (2.3) | 178 | (1.8) | |
Living with a smoker | |||||
Yes | 523 | (52.0) | 3,615 | (37.4) | |
No | 479 | (47.6) | 5,981 | (61.8) | |
Unknown | 4 | (0.4) | 80 | (0.8) | |
Attempts to quit | |||||
No previous attempts | 421 | (41.8) | 3,616 | (37.4) | |
Previous attempts | 573 | (57.9) | 5,896 | (60.9) | |
Unknown | 12 | (1.2) | 176 | (1.8) | |
Professional recommendation | |||||
Yes from midwife or medical doctor | 711 | (70.7) | 3,995 | (41.3) | |
Yes from others | 42 | (4.2) | 977 | (10.1) | |
No | 213 | (21.2) | 4,265 | (44.1) | |
Unknown | 40 | (4.0) | 239 | (2.5) | |
Education | |||||
Low level | 364 | (36.2) | 2,515 | (26.0) | |
Medium level | 255 | (25.3) | 2,552 | (26.4) | |
High level | 372 | (37.0) | 4,324 | (44.7) | |
Unknown | 15 | (1.5) | 285 | (2.9) | |
Employment | |||||
Employed | 578 | (57.5) | 6,900 | (71.3) | |
Unemployed | 277 | (27.5) | 1,771 | (18.3) | |
Enrolled in education | 132 | (13.1) | 671 | (6.9) | |
Unknown | 19 | (1.9) | 334 | (3.5) | |
Disadvantaged smokers c | |||||
Yes | 493 | (49.0) | 3,541 | (35.6) | |
No | 495 | (49.2) | 5,757 | (59.5) | |
Unknown | 18 | (1.8) | 378 | (3.9) |
2.6.2. Sub-Analyses
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Women in GSP | ||
---|---|---|
Non-adjusted ORs (95% CI) | Adjusted ORs (95% CI) | |
Pregnancy | ||
Non-pregnant | 1 | |
Pregnant | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 1.16 (0.95–1.42) |
Setting | ||
Midwife/Hospital | 1 | |
Other | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) |
Programme format | ||
Individual | 1 | |
Group | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) * |
Medication for free | ||
No free medication | 1 | |
Free for <1 week | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) |
Free for <5 weeks | 1.17 (0.69–2.02) | 1.07 (0.61–1.88) |
Free for ≥5 weeks | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) | 1.22 (0.89–1.66) |
Age (years) | ||
25–54 | 1 | |
15–24 | 0.56 (0.46–0.70) | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) * |
Heavy smokers a | ||
Yes | 1 | |
No | 1.50 (1.35–1.66) | 1.42 (1.27–1.58) * |
Compliance with programme b | ||
Compliant | 1 | |
Not compliant | 0.27 (0.24–0.31) | 0.29 (0.26–0.32) * |
Living with a smoker | ||
Yes | 1 | |
No | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) |
Attempts to quit | ||
No previous attempts | 1 | |
Previous attempts | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) |
Professional recommendation | ||
Yes from midwife or medical doctor | 1 | |
Yes from others | 1.24 (1.04–1.47) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) |
No | 1.25 (1.13–1.40) | 1.18 (1.06–1.33) * |
Disadvantaged smokers c | ||
Yes | 1 | |
No | 1.33 (1.19–1.47) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) * |
3.1. Secondary Outcomes
Women in GSP | Pregnant | Non-pregnant | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect (%) | Effect (%) | ||||||
Characteristics (n) | All | Responders | Characteristics (n) | All | Responders | ||
Patients | 1,006 | 735 | 9,676 | 7,252 | |||
Smoke free at end of programme | 419 | 41.7% | 57.0% | 4,729 | 48.9% | 65.2% | |
OR (95% CI) | 0.98 (0.78–1.21) | 1 | |||||
Patients | 1,006 | 763 | 9,676 | 7,319 | |||
Point prevalence (14 days) | 306 | 30.4% | 40.1% | 2,801 | 28.9% | 38.3% | |
OR (95% CI) | 1.27 (1.05–1.54) * | 1 | |||||
Patients | 1,006 | 742 | 9,676 | 7,170 | |||
Satisfied with the programme | 600 | 59.6% | 80.9% | 5,853 | 60.5% | 81.6% | |
OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | 1 |
3.2. Sub-Analyses
3.3. Non-Responder Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rasmussen, M.; Heitmann, B.L.; Tønnesen, H. Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 3653-3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083653
Rasmussen M, Heitmann BL, Tønnesen H. Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(8):3653-3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083653
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasmussen, Mette, Berit Lilienthal Heitmann, and Hanne Tønnesen. 2013. "Effectiveness of the Gold Standard Programmes (GSP) for Smoking Cessation in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 8: 3653-3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10083653